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Power
NECESSITY OF PROTECTION
Three main effects of fault, that state the necessity of
protection:
It
generators in different
stations, to lose synchronism and fall out of step with consequent splitting of the system;
A risk A risk
Sensitivity
Reliability
Simplicity
Economy
TYPES OF PROTECTIONS:
Main
Protection
Back-up Protection
Auxiliary
Protection
GENERATOR FAULTS
Stator Rotor
Faults
External
For protection of stator windings against earth faults and phase to phase makes use of circulating current principle In this scheme of protection currents at the two ends of protected sections are compared
occur in the stator slots, they quickly develop into faults to earth and are cleared by the stator earth fault protection
There is,however,the possibility
that they may occur at the winding ends and so cause extensive damage to the generator before the fault evolves to one detectable by other protection.
To
For the quick removal of fault during emergency, it is necessary to disconnect the field simultaneously with the disconnection of the generator
The
usual method of detection fault is by measuring the voltage across the secondary of neutral grounding transformer (NGT).
the machine delivering the equal currents in three phases, no unbalance are negative phase sequence current is produced
An
alarm will annunciate at annunciation panel it negative sequence currents exceed a normal level
rotor earth fault may be caused due to insulation failure of winding or inter-turn fault followed by local heat. The protection scheme consists of a high resistance connected across the rotor circuit and its mid point is grounded through a sensitive relay
problem may occur in turbo generators that are connected to the grid if they experience generating voltage regulation problems
It
may also occur for units during start-up or resynchronizing following a trip.
A
specialized volts/hertz relay is used to detect this condition, and will trip the generator if excessive volts/hertz conditions are detected
Generator voltage is at preset value under normal operating conditions as selected by operator in AVR
The
over voltage protection is provided with an over voltage relay which has two units one instantaneous relay set for pick up at about 130-150% of rated voltage and the another IDMT relay set for pick up at about 110% of rated voltage
If
the generator trips for over voltage then raise the generator voltage slowly with manual mode in AVR
possible fire accident twelve fire detector relays are provided on either side of the stator winding
The
system
If
then change the governor speed until machine reaches full speed. Even after 2to3 attempts the machine is running at lower speed, probably the governor of the turbine is faulty.
The mho relay is placed which is designed to detect the change of impedance from the normal load value may therefore be used to provide protection against asynchronous operation resulting from the loss of excitation.
generator may lose synchronising with power system without failure of excitation system, because of severe fault disturbance or operation at a high load with leading power factor and hence a relatively weak field
the bearing pedestals in the case of a horizontal shaft generating set, or on the upper guidebearing in case of a vertical shaft generating set. It may be set to trip the machine or initiate
relay actuated by a thermometer-type bulb inserted in a hole in the bearing, or by a resistance-temperature-detector relay, such as used for stator over heating protection, with the
In the event of prime-mover failure the generator continues to rotate as a synchronous motor drawing electrical power from the system and driving the prime mover. element directional power relay is used to sense (reverse power relay)the direction of power flow in any one phase.
A single
CONCLUSION
A generator is the most important and most costly equipmenent in a power system. It is subjected to more number of troubles than any other equipment. The basic function of protection applied to generators is therefore to reduce the outage period to a minimum by rapid discriminative clearance of faults.
While selecting the scheme for generator protection, the protection of complete unit and the stability of the system due to disturbance, in a generator should be considered in addition to protection of the generator itself.
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