OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION:

General Transfer Orbit of Spacecraft Flyby Technique Transfer Orbit for Jupiter Flyby to Reach Uranus Flyby Mechanics Planetary Grand Tour Flyby Anomaly Anomalous Data Analysis by John D. Anderson Literature Review Explanation of Flyby Anomaly Considering Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction Discussion and Conclusion References

General Transfer Orbit of Spacecraft:

Flyby Technique:
Flyby is the technique of increasing or decreasing the velocity of a spacecraft by passing it nearer to a planet. As the spacecraft approaches a planet, it will be slung around the planet and leave with a different heliocentric velocity direction and magnitude.

Transfer orbit for Jupiter Flyby to Reach Uranus:

Flyby Mechanics:

Planetary Grand Tour:

A space craft Pioneer, was sent by the NASA scientists in the year 1976 for a outer space tour to visit the outer planets- Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. This was done by using the flyby of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune. Grand Tour had exploited the alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, an event that would occur in 1976, and not reoccur for 175 years

Grand Tour Orbit:

Flyby Anomaly:
Between 1990 and 2005 John D. Anderson, senior scientist of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA) noticed an anomalous velocity change during the earth flyby in case six spacecrafts Galileo 1, Galileo 2, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta, MESSENGER. Though this anomalous velocity is very small, the reason behind this anomaly is still unknown to the scientists. This unusual change of velocity is called Flyby Anomaly.

Earth flyby parameters at closest approach for Galileo, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta and MESSENGER :
Parameter Date H (km) (deg) GLL-I 12/8/90 GLL-II 12/8/92 NEAR 1/23/98 Cassini 8/18/99 Rosetta 3/4/05 MGER 8/2/05

960 25.2 296.5 13.740 8.949 8.949 142.9 266.76

-12.52 219.97 -34.15 2497 3.92

303 -33.8 354.4 14.080 8.877 8.887 138.7 219.35

-34.26 174.35 -4.87 2497 -4.6

539 33.0 47.2 12.739 6.851 6.851 108.0

261.17 -20.76 183.49 -71.96 730 13.46

1175 -23.5 231.4 19.026 16.010 16.010 25.4

334.31 -12.92 352.54 -4.99 4612 -2

1976 20.20 246.8 10.517 3.863 3.863 144.9

346.12 -2.81 246.51 -34.29 2895 1.80

2347 46.95 107.5 10.389 4.065 4.056 133.1

292.61 31.44 227.17 -31.92 1086 0.02

(deg)
(km/s) (km/s) DA (deg) I (deg)

(deg) (deg) (deg) (deg) (kg) (mm/s)

Literature Review:
So many researchers tried to explain this anomalous velocity and the acceleration causing this anomaly by taking different types of approach which are discussed below. An attempt has been made to explain this anomaly in which it was thought that the interplanetary dust is slowing down probes motion. It was found that interplanetary dust has density less than 1024 gm/3 . But the calculations show that only a density 3 105 larger than that of the interplanetary dust could account for the anomalous acceleration, therefore this attempt to explain the phenomenon failed.

 Another consideration to explain this phenomenon was the drag of atmosphere. The drag is given by the formula = 2 / Where k is the probes drag coefficient, is the density of the atmosphere, is the velocity of the spacecraft, is the effective area and is the mass of the spacecraft. The drag acceleration at a height of 1000 km is in the order of 108 / 2 , which is too small to explain the anomaly.

 Researcher thought whether ocean or solid Earth tides have impact on the change in velocity of the spacecraft. The acceleration caused by tides turns out to be at most 105 /s2 , again small to provide an explanation. The solid Earth tides are much smaller than the ocean tides so they cannot account for the flyby anomaly either. The Earth albedo accounts for an effect of 109 m/s2 , the charging of the probe with electricity an effect of at most 108 m/s2 and the magnetic moment an effect of only 4 1015 m/s2 all three of them are much too small as compared to the unexplained acceleration.

 The effect from the solar wind is also negligible which has influence of less than3 109 m/s2 . John D. Anderson et al analyzed the above flyby data and found an empirical relationship in 2008 in terms of the respective declinations and of the incoming and outgoing osculating asymptotic velocity vectors. The empirical relationship is given by

= K (cos cos ).

Where is the hyperbolic excess velocity, is the anomalous velocity. The proportionality coefficient K is expressed as K=
2

= 3.099 X 106

Explanation of flyby anomaly considering Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction:

Introduction: The term Inertial Induction was coined by D.W. Sciama. He noticed the similarity between Coulombs force law for two charged particles and the inverse square law of gravitation for two particles; he proposed an acceleration dependent term in the law of gravity. If the two charged particles with opposite charges 1 and 2 separated by a distance r possess a relative acceleration a
Then the attractive force F between them is given by F=
1 2 2 1 2 2

Where and c are the dielectric constant of the free space and the speed of light respectively. Sciama consider the gravitational interaction to be same. Thus two particles with gravitational masses 1 and 2 separated by a distance r will attract each other with a force F=
1 2 2

1 2 2

Here a is the relative acceleration between the two particles.

Inclination Effect in Inertial Induction

In the above fig it is shown that Particle 2 has an acceleration a with respect to particle 1 and a makes an angle with the line joining the two particles. So the equation becomes F=
1 2 2

1 2 2

f ()

Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction:

Machs principle suggests interactive gravitational forces depend on relative motion and motion means not only acceleration but velocity also. An extension of Machs principle is proposed by A. Ghosh to include an interactive force which depends on the relative velocity of two objects, over and above the static gravitational pool and the acceleration dependent inertial induction effect. He named this effect as velocity dependent inertial induction. The simplest model of dynamic gravitational interaction between two bodies can be represented as

F=

2 2

( )

()

Where, ( ) = cos( ) = . , () = cos() = . Here the second term is due to velocity dependent inertial induction.

Explanation of Flyby Anomaly from Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction:

Let us consider the source of anomalous acceleration of Earth flyby Spacecrafts is the velocity dependent inertial drag on the spacecraft due to the Earth. The force on a spacecraft due to its relative rotation with respect to the Earth can be derived as shown below.

Force on the spacecraft due to velocity dependent inertial induction of Earth

Now let us consider an elemental mass of Earth dm at a distance r from the centre. The force on the spacecraft due to velocity dependent inertial induction from dm can be expressed as d =
2 .

2 2

cos cos

Where, cos = =

and is the relative velocity of the

spacecraft with respect to dm at point Q. So, Where, = Velocity of the spacecraft = Velocity of the elemental mass dm

From fig. above = = = and = r sin cos + r sin sin + r cos is the position of Q with respect to the centre of the Earth O. Using the above relation we get = X = X (r sin cos + r sin sin +r cos ) = sin ( sin i + cos j)

Position vector of the spacecraft = cos + sin = X = x ( cos + sin ) = ( sin + cos ) So, = = ( sin sin sin ) +( sin cos + cos )

Again from the fig. we get = = ( cos sin cos ) + sin sin sin cos 2 = 2 + 2 2 sin cos( ) Now, cos = =
. ( )sin sin

Elemental mass of the Earth is given by dm = () 2 sin =

2 2 2

The unit vector in the direction of is = =

2
1 2

2 + 2 2 sin cos ( )

+
1 2

2 + 2 2 sin cos ( )
1 2

cos 2 + 2 2 sin cos ( )

The component of is given as

2 sin 2 2 ( )2 2 2 ( ) x 2 2 2 2

cos 2 + 2 2 sin cos ( )

1 2

2 2 ( ) x 2 5 3 cos 2 ( )

2 + 2 2 sin cos ( ) 2

5 0

2 0

The density () of the Earth varies according to the following relation () = Where = (18 10) 103 for 0 0.2 13.143 5.714 103 0.2 0.55 9.667 6.557 103 0.55 1

Similarly we can determine X and Y components of the anomalous force then by dividing these forces by mass of the spacecraft we can get the anomalous acceleration of the spacecraft due to velocity dependent inertial induction.

Determination of anomalous velocity due to VDII from the calculated acceleration:

Here we considered the perturbing force causing the anomaly is due to velocity dependent inertial induction and the acceleration for this perturbation can be calculated using the above theory. The equation of motion of a spacecraft considering this perturbation is given by =
3

Here is the calculated perturbed acceleration due to VDII. Now anomalous velocity due to VDII is calculated by numerically integrating the above equation for 1 hour using MATLAB.

Results :
Anomalous Flyby data analysis of various spacecraft using Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction
Name of the Space-craft (kg) (rad/s) (rad/s) R(m) (deg)
1.872X103 2.107X103

Galileo I
2497

Galileo II
2497

NEAR
730 7.27X105 1.84X103

Cassini
4612

Rosetta
2895

Messenger
1086

2.5189X103

1.262X103

1.878X103

7.33X106 3.839

6.681X106 3.82

6.97X106 4.55

7.553X106 5.892

8.334X106 6.04

8.752X106 5.107

(m/ )

=4.2892X1010 =3.5387X1010 =1.6871X1010 A =5.81X

8.9381X1010 5.4650X1010 3.6805X1010 1.11X

1.5965X1010 8.2318X1010 3.2186X1010 8.9817X

1.740X109 5.3097X1010 4.1275X1010 1.8654X

2.80X1010 7.7202X1011 8.2075X1011 3.018X

2.0675X1010 5.3788X1010 1.4815X1010 5.9499X

(mm/s)

2.02x

3.98x

2.34x

-4.3424x

-7.7259x

6.8402x

(mm/s)

3.92

-4.6

13.46

-2

1.8

0.02

 = Angular velocity of the spacecraft at closest approach in rad/s. = Angular velocity of the Earth in rad/s. = Mass of the spacecraft R Distance of the earth centre from the spacecraft in m. = Right ascension at closest approach in rad. = Calculated anomalous acceleration using Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction in m/s. The anomalous accelerations due to velocity dependent inertial are obtained by putting the values of , , R and in the above expression and then integrating using MATLAB.

Graphical Comparison:
10

Anomalous velocity

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

observed

calculate d

observed

calculate d

observed

calculate d

observed

calculate d

observed

calculate d

observed

calculate d

Series1

3.92

Galli 1 2.02E-03

4.6

Galli 2 3.98E-03

13.46

NEAR 2.34E-03

Cassini 4.34E-03

1.8

Rosetta 7.73E-04

Messenger 0.02 6.84E-04

Discussion and Conclusion:

In this thesis work we considered the velocity dependent inertial induction as the perturbing force for explaining the anomaly. Using numerical integration of MATLAB, first we determined the acceleration due to VDII for all the six spacecraft at the time of flyby. Then the acceleration is again numerically integrated for one hour to determine the anomalous velocity. The calculated anomalous velocity is coming in the order of 103 mm/s where as the observed velocity is in the order of 10 mm/s. So VDII is not responsible for this anomaly. Though we could not explain the anomaly by considering VDII, it will be helpful for further research.

References:
[1] Ghosh A Origin of inertia [2] J. D. Anderson, J. K. Campbell, and M. M. Nieto, The energy transfer process in planetary flybys, New Astronomy, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 383397, 2007. [3] Curtis Howerd D.Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students, Second edition [4] Schaub Hanspeter, Junkins John L. Analytical Mechanics of Aerospace Systems. [5] Dicau Florin Orbital Anomalies [6] Gilat Amos MATLAB an Introduction with Applications [7] Sciama D. W.On the Origin of Inertia, Monthly notices of the royal Astronomical Society, v.113, 1953, p.34. [8] John D. Anderson a, James K. Campbell, Michael Martin Nieto The energy transfer process in planetary flybys Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA [9] French A.P. Newtonian Mechanics, The MIT Introductory Physics Series. [10] Butrica J. Andrew The Grand Tour of Big Science