Easy Referencing

Learning Module
Sheri Evans BBehavSc MEDLD MBA

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 Easy referencing
• The aim of this module is to enable you to
proficiently carry out basic referencing
• Being able to reference proficiently will lead to
better grades
• Greater self confidence and competence
• Remember that you should continue your
learning by accessing more complete and formal
referencing guides
• This is module aims to provide you with the
basics of referencing
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 Why reference?
• Firstly why reference? Well referencing is equivalent to
providing the address for a person or business.
• It is important to give the correct and full address so that
you can effectively and efficiently find your way to the
location.
• Referencing is just the same. To locate an home or
office the correct address allows us to find out where to
go if we want or need to locate that person or business.
• In the case of written material the reference allows the
reader to find the article’s origin
• Secondly and very importantly using correct referencing
ensures you avoid plagiarism

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 What is Plagiarism?
• Plagiarism is a serious academic offence and the
consequences are severe.’ (The University of
Manchester 1997). The theft of the work of others
through copying ideas without acknowledging the
author/s
• Plagiarism can lead to automatic failure in a unit or even
expulsion from your institution
• Academics, even the most senior ones, have lost their
jobs, their credibility, and their status as a result of
plagiarism, yet
• It is easy to avoid plagiarism by using referencing
• This module is designed to teach you how to easily use
referencing and by so doing avoid plagiarism

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 Types of referencing
• There are many types of referencing or referencing
‘standards’.
• Each discipline area tends to have its own favoured
referencing standard.
• Some of these standards are;
– the Oxford standard, APA (American Psychological Association),
Vancouver, Harvard, AGPS (Australian Guide Publication
Service), and Foot Notes, End Notes
• You should use the standard requested by your teacher/
lecturer
• Where no standard is requested choose one that you are
familiar with and use it consistently

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A Reference list or Bibliography
• A reference list comprises all of, and only, those
references that were ‘cited in-text’. That is it includes all
the things that you as the author actually quoted, either
directly or indirectly, from a source such as a textbook,
journal, news item, business publication
• A bibliography is quite different. It is a list of all the
sources of readings you accessed in carrying out your
study or research. The bibliography includes both in-text
citations as well as items that were not cited.
• A reference list is usual for undergraduate level whereas
a bibliography is not often required. Therefore you
should become proficient at creating a reference list and
citing sources in-text.
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 Step One – referencing
Direct Quotations In-text
• In-text reference aims to provide enough information for your reader to know
who are the author/s. As a general rule use the author (s) last name, date
and page number if you copy their exact words or a specific idea.
• Direct quotations comprise words taken directly from the text without
alteration. Direct quotations of up to 30 words should be enclosed in single
quotation marks.
For example:
A more recent study found that ‘results obtained within the experimental group indicated
that …’ (Carlson 1991, pp.22-23).
• For direct quotations that are longer than 30 words, you do not need to use
quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, use one size smaller font
than the rest of your text and indent the quotation 1cm from both the left and
right margins of the page.
For example:
When the strength, potentials, needs and developmental tasks of all persons of all
ages are recognised, a firm base upon which to plan measures to help promote health
and overcome problems has been laid.
(Wolf, Weitzel & Zsahar 1983, p.58)
(source: CQU Guide for Students 2000)

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 Let’s do it
• Open your text book read some paragraphs or a
page of text and choose a small quote
• Summarise what you read and include the
selected quote
• Reference the quote correctly in your summary
• Check slide 7 to see that you got it right
• Repeat the process for a long quote, that is for a
quote of greater than 30 words
• Get a fellow student, colleague, teacher/
lecturer/ tutor, family member to check your work
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 Hints
• To find the referencing details you need for your reference list
open the inside pages of your textbook. You will find most of
the information you need. The authors names, book title,
edition, publisher, and place should be all on that page.

• One thing missing is the YEAR. To find the YEAR of

publication you may need to turn another page and look at the
publishing information. Among it you should find the YEAR of
publishing.

• Last names, first names are often hard to differentiate. For

English/ USA names the family name comes last. For
Chinese names the family name comes first. Therefore you
need to make the necessary adjustments depending on the
situation.

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 Step Two – referencing
In-direct Quotations In-text Or
Paraphrasing
• If you paraphrase, that is, putting into your own words the
ideas of others, also known as using an in-direct quotation of
an author’s work, you must still state the author’s name and
the date of publication. You may also state the page
number(s) if you wish.

For example:
One study (Rosen 1997, p.3) suggests that a key factor in
the development of technological discomfort is the way it is
introduced.

• If you use the general theme of an author’s work, you should

still state the author(s) name and date. However, you should
not provide page numbers as you are referring to the whole
work. For example:
A more recent study (Carlson 1991) shows that . . .
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 Quoting - One, two, three and four
authors
• When there is just one or two authors you must
insert both last-names every time

• Where there are three or four or more authors

you must put every last name in the first time
you quote that item. After that you can
abbreviate using ‘et. al.’

• The ampersand symbol ‘&’ is used between last-

names – next slide shows you a few examples
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Example of multiple authors quoted
in-text
(Author 1, + Author 2, + Author 3 + & + Author 4 + Year, + Page
number if necessary).
Author 1, + Author 2, + Author 3 + and + Author 4 + (Year, + Page
number if necessary).
For example:
1. A hybrid structure adopts ‘elements of both functional and divisional
structures at the same management level’ (Bartol , Martin, Tein &
Matthews 1998, p.401).
2. Bartol, Martin, Tein and Matthews (1998) argue that divisional structure
is not well suited to organisations where there is sharing of common
resources, such as expensive equipment.
3. In more diverse organisations, change tends to occur more slowly and
allows the various functions to coordinate their activities (Bartol et al.
1998).
4. Bartol et al. (1998, p.349) also include considerations such as the
environment in which the organisation operates, the level of stability of
the environment, and organisational culture.

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 The reference list
• The reference list goes on its own page, so start a new
page with a ‘hard’ page break (ctrl enter)
• The reference list usually follows at the end of the essay
or report
• The reference list is given a heading either left or centre
aligned and bold – ‘REFERENCE LIST’, or
“REFERENCES”.
• Each reference is separated by either indenting or a line
of space
• For indenting follow how to use the ruler on MS Word
help
• Sort the list in alphabetical order A – Z, last-names
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 Indented and Line Spaced
REFERENCE LIST
Allen, R. & Rochecouste, J. 1997,
‘Intervention in the tertiary writing
process’, Tesol in Context, vol.7,
no.2, pp.9-13.
National Centre for English Language
Teaching and Research 2000,
‘Resource Centre: ESL on the Net’,
NCELTR, [online]. Available at
URL:
http://www.nceltr.mq.edu.au/eslnet.htm
[Accessed 24 March 2001].
Raimes, A. 1990, How English Works,
St Martin’s Press, New York.
REFERENCES
Allen, R. & Rochecouste, J. 1997,
‘Intervention in the tertiary writing
process’, Tesol in Context, vol.7,
no.2, pp.9-13.
National Centre for English
Language Teaching and
Research 2000, ‘Resource
Centre: ESL on the Net’,
NCELTR, [online]. Available at
URL:
http://www.nceltr.mq.edu.au/eslnet.htm
[Accessed 24 March 2001].
Raimes, A. 1990, How English
Works, St Martin’s Press, New
York.
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 Internet articles referenced
This includes references retrieved by using search engines (Yahoo,
Excite, Google etc.) or by surfing the World Wide Web.

If you know the name of the full web site as well as the web page
you are using, then you have to supply the following information:

Author’s family name, + Author’s first name(s) initials. + Year that

the page was last updated, + ‘Title of Internet web page’, + Title
of Web Site in Italics, + [online]. + Available at URL: + Internet
Address + [Accessed + full date you viewed it].

For example:
Qantas 2000, ‘Business overview’, Qantas Factfiles, [online].
Available at URL:
http://www.qantas.com.au/company/factfiles.html [Accessed 14
March 2001].

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If you cannot identify the full web site, then use the
following style:
Author’s family name, + Author’s first name(s) initials. +
Year that the page was last updated, + Title of Web
Page in Italics, + [online]. + Available at URL: +
Internet Address + [Accessed + full date you viewed
it].
For example:
Williams, W.G. 1998, From Success to Failure: Sydney
in the Age of the Lawnmower, [online] Available at
URL:
http://www.tin.it/osservatorio_bocconi/papers.htm
[Accessed 7 June 2000].
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SAMPLE ONLY, REFERENCES
do not include this column
in your assignment. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Australian Economic Indicators, Dec. 1997, Cat. no. 1350.0,
Govt body, catalogue ABS, Canberra.
number, The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary 1992, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
no authorBook; no Bartol, K., Martin, D., Tein, M. & Matthews, G. 1998, Management: A Pacific Rim Focus, 2nd edn,
author or anonymous McGraw Hill, Sydney.
works Bock, J. 1987, ‘Down and out in Dubbo’, Weekend Australian Magazine, 7-8 February, p.2.
Book; multiple authors Butler, J.D. & Walbert, G. 1986, Abortion, Medicine and the Law, Facts on File Publications, New
Magazine or Newspaper York.
article Canberra Times 23 January 1987, editorial.
Book; two authors Dahl, R. 1986, Two Fables, Viking (Penguin), Harmondsworth.
Newspaper editorial Department of Industrial Relations 1997, Annual Report 1997, AGPS, Canberra.
Book; one author Dewhirst, C. 1986, ‘Hot air over the Himalayas’, World Geographic, vol.1, no.4, pp.34-38.
Govt body, Frazer, R. 1998, ‘The importance of DNA’, in Introduction to Forensic Science, ed. B. Johnson,
no author Academic Press, Sydney.
no catalogue number Gillespie, N.C., Lewis, R.J., Pearn, J.H., Bourke, A.C., Holmes, M.J., Bourke, J.B. & Shields, W. J.
Journal article 1986, ‘Ciguatera in Australia’, Medical Journal of Australia, vol.145, no.11-12, pp.584-90.
One chapter (authors for Higgins, E. 2000, 25142 Introductory and Contract Law: Study Guide, rev. R. Fisher, Central
chapters) in an edited Queensland University, Rockhampton.
book. Killion, L. 2000, 53267 Research in Tourism: Study Guide, Central Queensland University,
Multiple authors, Rockhampton.
journal article Monti, D., Cicchetti, G., Goodkind, T. & Ganci, M.T. 1994, ‘SPT: A new methodology for instruction’,
T H E Journal [CD-ROM], vol.22, no.1, pp.66-68. Available: Information Access/Computer
Revised Study Select/16232996 [Accessed 13 June 1995].
GuideStudy Guide
Moore, L.F. & Jennings, P.D. (eds) 1995, Human Resources Management on the Pacific Rim,
Multiple authors; Walter de Gruyter, New York.
Electronic, CD-ROM NASA 1998, FY 1999 Budget Summary, [online]. Available at URL: http://
Edited book – whole www.nasa.gov/budget/budget-index.html [Accessed 16 February 1998].
book Office for the Status of Women 1981, Fair Exposure, AGPS, Canberra.
Internet Raymond, R. & Watson-Munro, C. 1980, The Energy Crisis of 1985, Castle Books, n.p. (dist. in
Government body Australia by Horwitz-Grahame, Sydney).
Book; no place of Sydney Morning Herald 2001, ‘Voters add protest notes to their ballot papers’, SMH, 19 Mar., p.8.
publication (= n.p.)
Newspaper, no author
NOTE* List references alphabetically by surname / title. When references go over one line, indent
second line by about 5 spaces. 17
 Let’s try it…
• Obtain a text book, an electronic journal, a website, a
newspaper article, a government publication
• Read a paragraph or two, summarise, use both direct
and indirect quotes and prepare a reference list
• Check your work against the sample provided. Get a
friend/ colleague to check your work. Make sure every
space, full stop, bracket is in the right place.
• Practice doing a reference list each week for the next
three weeks
• Obtain other referencing guides
• See your skill quickly develop, your marks increase and
your risk of plagiarism disappear.
• Become a more confident and competent scholar!

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 Practice Hint
Obtain a large piece of paper, flip chart size
Write out a number of references on it in large print
Get a friend to write out some references too on an
additional piece of paper
Mark each others work
Give a small prize for each fully correct reference
Repeat on a weekly basis for each of the major
types of references used: text books, journals,
government publications, newspaper articles,
website articles
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 Source
Faculty of Business and Law 2000, 2000
Guide for Students, Central Queensland
University, Rockhampton.
University of Manchester, 1997, Plagiarism
(mimeo).

Happy referencing …
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