Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr.Latif Shaikh
Protective Relays 1.Introduction 2.Basic Current Relays Electromechanical Mechanism 3.Solid State Relays 4.Micrprocessor Controlled Relays 5.Over Current Relays 6.Under Voltage Relays 7.Differential relays 8.Distance Relays 9.Microcomputer Controlled Relays
Protective Relay
Protective relays are the devices that detect abnormal conditions in electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and abnormal conditions . Under abnormal condition current , voltage , phase angle ,frequency may change. The relay operates when it detects the fault which completes the trip circuit thus opening the circuit breaker.This disconnects the circuit.
Protective Relay
A typical relay is shown .When short circuit occurs at point F on transmission line CT current increases .This increases current in CT coil which closes trip coil of circuit breaker and CB contacts get opened. Thus faulty section is isolated.
Static Relays
A static relay is the relay which uses solid state components like transistors ,diodes etc.,for the measurement or comparison of electrical quantities. The static network is so designed that it gives an output signal in the tripping direction whenever a threshold conditions reached. The output signal in turn operates a tripping device which may be electromagnetic or electronic. Static relays are capable of performing the same function with the use of electronic control circuit which an electromagnetic relay performs with the use of moving parts or elements.
Static Relays Figure shows the essential components of a static relay 1.The relaying quantity (the output of CT and PT or a transducer)is first rectified and compared with the set values. 2.The output is actuated when the dynamic input(relaying quantity)reaches the threshold value. This valued is amplified and given to the output device which is usually an electromagnetic.This energizes the trip coil and the relay operates.
Static Relays Advanrages 1.More accurate and fast in operation 2. Most of moving parts and the contacts are eliminated. 3.VA ratings of CT and PT is comparatively lower. 4.Low power consumption. 5.Resetting time and overshoot can be reduced. 6.Very compact. 7.Superior characteristics and accuracy. 8.Several functions can be accommodated in a static relay 9.Simplified testing and servicing is possible.
Static Relays
Disadvantages 1.Reliability cannot be predicted 2.Construction is not very robust. 3.Easily affected by surrounding interference. 4.Auxiliarty DC supply is required 5,.Affected by voltage transients. Applications 1.Ultra high speed protection of EHV AC transmission lines utilizing distance protection. 2.In over current and earth fault protection schemes 3.As main element in differential relay
5.Speed- High speed relays are available for line protection. They use microprocessors. 6.User friendly yet highly capable- Microprocessor based relays are easy to apply, operate and use. They are highly capable. 7.Increased reliability due to self checking-Microprocessor based relay checks itself the circuits, power supply memories. This improves the reliability of the relay.
Characteristics of Relay Units for Over Current Protection Definite Characteristics Inverse Characteristics Extremely Inverse Very inverse Inverse
Connection scheme with three over current relays The figure shows three current transformers and relay coils connected in star point is earthed. When short circuit occurs in the protected zone the protected zone the secondary current of CTs increases. The current flows through the coil and the relay picks up. The relay closes and thereby the trip circuit is closed and the circuit breaker operates. The over current protection scheme with three over current relays responds to phase faults including single phase to earth fault. Therefore such schemes are used with solidly earthed systems where phase to phase and phase to earth faults are likely to occur.
Differential relays
Differential relay is that type of relay which operates when the phase difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. Almost any type of relay ,when connected in a certain way can be made to operate as a differential relay. The two fundamental systems of differential or balanced protection are 1.Current Balance protection 2.Voltage balance protection
Current differential relay Figure shows the arrangement of an over current relay connected to work on the current differential protection. In this arrangement a pair of current transformers are fitted either ends of the element to be protected and secondary windings of CTs are connected in series so that they carry induced currents in the same direction. Under normal conditions, where there is no fault or there is external fault ,the currents in the two CTs secondary are equal and relay operating does not carry any current. Whenever there is an internal fault ,currents in the two secondaries of CTs are different ,the relay operating coils gets energized by the current equal to their difference and the trip circuit is completed to operate the circuit breaker
Distance Relays
The relays in which the operation is governed by the ratio of the applied voltage to current in the protected circuit are called Distance or Impedance relays(impedance is an electrical measure of distance along the transmission line).A distance or impedance relay is essentially an ohmmeter and operates when the impedance of the protected zone falls below a predetermined value. In impedance relay, the torque is produced by a current element is opposed by the torque produced by the voltage element,. The relay operates when the ration V/I is less than a predetermined value.
Basic Principle of Operation of Impedance Relay The principle of operation of an impedance relay is shown in figure. The voltage element of the relay is excited through a P.T. from the line to be protected .The current element of the relay is excited from a C.T. in series with the line. The portion LM of the line is the protected zone. Under normal operating conditions, the impedance of the protected zone is ZL .The relay is so designed that it closes its contacts whenever the impedance of the protected zone falls below the predetermined value.(ZL in this case). On the occurrence of fault at point F1 in the protected zone ,the impedance Z(V/I,V and I being substation voltage and fault current respectively) is less than ZL ,the relay operates.
Basic Principle of Operation of Impedance Relay However the relay will not operate if the fault occurs beyond the protected zone( point F2),since Z is greater than ZL at this point.