Define:

Glycolysis Respiration Chemiosmosis Phosphorylation Fermentation ATP (draw and label) Electrochemical radient FAD FAD!" #AD$ #AD!

%& 'hat is the role of phosphofr(cto)inase* !ow does it +wor),* "& E-plain + lycolysis,& 'here does it occ(r* !ow does it +wor),*

%& 'hat is the chemical e.(ation for cell(lar respiration* "& Remember: /01R0G A& 0n the con2ersion of l(cose and o-y en to C/" and !"/3 which molec(le is red(ced* 4& 'hich is o-idi5ed* C& 'hat happens to the ener y that is released in this redo- reaction* 6& #AD$ is called a(n) 7777777777777777& 0ts red(ced form is 7777777&

%& 'hy is lycolysis considered an ancient metabolic process* "& 'here in the cell does lycolysis occ(r* 6& 'hat are the reactants and prod(cts of lycolysis* 8& 'hich has more ener y a2ailable:
a& ADP or ATP* b& #AD$ or #AD!* c& FAD$ or FAD!"*

'hat is % fact yo( remember from yesterday9s s( ar article* "& 'here does the Citric Acid Cycle occ(r in the cell* 6& 'hat are the main prod(cts of the CAC*
%&

'hat are 6 ways respiration can be meas(red* "& 'hat is the p(rpose of (sin :/! (potassi(m hydro-ide) in this lab* 6& 'hat are the 0ndependent and Dependent ;ariables for Graph <&%*
%&

%& !ow is the proton radient enerated* "& 'hat is its p(rpose* 6& Describe how ATP synthase wor)s& 8& 0n cell(lar respiration3 how many ATP are enerated thro( h:
A& =(bstrate>le2el phosphorylation* 4& /-idati2e phosphorylation*

%& 0n fermentation3 how is #AD$ recycled* "& 'hat is the f(nction of the en5yme phosphofr(cto)inase* 6& ?o( eat a stea) and salad& 'hich macromolec(le cannot be bro)en down to ma)e ATP* "& E-plain where the fat oes when yo( lose wei ht&

The s(mmary e.(ation of cell(lar respiration& The difference between fermentation and cell(lar respiration& The role of lycolysis in o-idi5in l(cose to two molec(les of pyr(2ate& The process that brin s pyr(2ate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introd(ces it into the citric acid cycle& !ow the process of chemiosmosis (tili5es the electrons from #AD! and FAD!" to prod(ce ATP&

E flows into ecosystem as =(nli ht A(totrophs transform it into chemical E /" released as byprod(ct Cells (se some of chemical E in or anic molec(les to ma)e ATP E lea2es as heat

Compleor anic molec(les

Catabolic Pathway

=impler waste prod(cts with less E

=ome E (sed to do wor) and dissipated as heat

Respiration: e-er onic (releases E) C@!%"/@ $ @/" @!"/ $ @C/" $ ATP

($ heat)

Photosynthesis: ender onic (re.(ires E)

Ae $ ? A $ ?e>
reduction (acceptor) gain e-

oxidation (donor) lose e >

B lose e> OiLRiG or LeoGer Red(ction B ain e>

/-idation

oxidation

C@!%"/@ $ @/ reduction " @!"/ $ @C/" $

AT P

 Ener

y is released as electrons +fall, from or anic molec(les to /" 4ro)en down into steps: Food (Glucose) NA ! "TC #$
Coen5yme #AD$ B electron acceptor #AD$ pic)s (p "e> and "!$ #AD!

(stores E) #AD! carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)

>

 Generate small amo(nt of ATP Phosphorylation: en5yme transfers

phosphate to other compo(nds

P
ADP

$ Pi ATP

co%poun d

%& Glycolysis "& Pyr(2ate /-idation $ Citric Acid Cycle (:rebs Cycle) 6& /-idati2e Phosphorylation (electron transport chain (ETC) D chemiosmosis)

Cell(lar Respiration

 +s( ar splittin 4elie2ed to be

, ancient (early pro)aryotes > no /" a2ailable) /cc(rs in cytosol Partially o-idi5es l(cose (@C) to " pyr(2ates (6C) #et ain: $ ATP & $NA ! Also ma)es $!$# #o /" re.(ired

=ta e %: Ener y 0n2estment =ta e Cell (ses ATP to phosphorylate compo(nds of l(cose =ta e ": Ener y Payoff =ta e Two 6>C compo(nds o-idi5ed For each l(cose molec(le:
" #et ATP prod(ced by s(bstrate>le2el

phosphorylation " molec(les of #AD$ NA !

$ ATP

A P

l(cos $ NA e

&

$ NA ! & & $! $!$

#

" (6>C) pyr(2ate

C6!@/6

Citric Citric Acid Acid Cycle Cycle

(matri-) (matri-)

(inner (inner membrane) membrane)

ETC ETC

Cell(lar Respiration

 Pyr(2ate

Acetyl CoA (used to make citrate) C#$ and NA ! prod(ced

 /cc(rs Acetyl

in mitochondrial matriC# C#

CoA Citrate $ $ #et ain: $ ATP3 ' NA !3 $ FA !$ (electron carrier) ATP prod(ced by s(bstrate>le2el phosphorylation

Cell(lar Respiration

http:EEm(ltimedia&mcb&har2ard&ed(Eanim7mitochondria&html

"L"CT(#N T(AN)P#(T C!A*N /cc(rs in inner membrane of mitochondria Prod(ces $'-$+ ATP by o-idati2e phosphorylation 2ia chemiosmosis

C!",*#),#)*) !$ ions p(mped across inner mitochondrial membrane !$ diff(se thro( h ATP synthase (ADP ATP)

Collection of molec(les embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria Ti htly bo(nd protein $ non>protein components Alternate between red(cedEo-idi5ed states as acceptEdonate e> Does not ma)e ATP directly Ease fall of e> from food

Che%ios%osis B !$ radient across membrane dri2es cell(lar wor) Proton-%oti-e .orce: (se proton (!$) radient to perform wor)

ATP synthase: en5yme that ma)es ATP Gse E from proton (!$) radient H flow of !$ bac) across membrane

generates

ATP
uses E

o-idati2e uses phosphorylation which couples chemiosmosi proton s to t

o pr od uc e
rix e t a m pac m s fro ane d r pe mb m e pu rm H+ inte

radient
called

redoreaction of s ETC
in which

proton moti2e force

drives

e> passed down E to final e- acceptor le2els /" !"/

!$
through

ATP synthase

 Anaerobic

(espiration: enerate ATP (sin other electron acceptors besides /"

Final e> acceptors: s(lfate (=/8)3

nitrate3 s(lf(r (prod(ces !"=)

E & #bligate anaerobes: can9t

s(r2i2e in /"

Facultati-e

anaerobes: ma)e ATP by aerobic respiration (with /" present) or switch to .er%entation (no /" a2ailable)

Without O2

O2 present

F"(,"NTAT*#N
:eep lycolysis oin by re eneratin #AD$ /cc(rs in cytosol No oxygen needed Creates ethanol I$ C#$J or lactate $ ATP (from lycolysis)

(")P*(AT*#N
Release E from brea)down of food with /" /cc(rs in mitochondria #$ re/uired (final electron acceptor) Prod(ces C/"3 !"/ and up to 0$ ATP

ALC#!#L*C F"(,"NTAT*#N

LACT*C AC* F"(,"NTAT*#N

Pyr(2ate Ethanol $ C/" E-& bacteria3 yeast Gsed in brewin 3 winema)in 3 ba)in

Pyr(2ate 1actate E-& f(n i3 bacteria3 h(man m(scle cells Gsed to ma)e cheese3 yo (rt3 acetone3 methanol #ote: 1actate b(ild>(p does #/T ca(se m(scle fati (e and pain (old idea)

Carbohydrates3 fats and proteins can A11 be (sed as f(el for cell(lar respiration Konomers enter lycolysis or citric acid cycle at different points

Allosteric en5yme that controls rate of lycolysis and citric acid cycle 0nhibited by ATP3 citrate =tim(lated by AKP AKP$ P $ P ATP

aerobic cellular respiration (with O2)

E#ERG ? lycolysis lycolysis

(cytosol) (cytosol)

anaerobic (without O2)

mitochondria

pyr(2ate o-idation citric citric acid acid cycle cycle

ETC ETC chemiosmos chemiosmos

Fermentatio Fermentatio n n
(cytosol) (cytosol)

ethanol ethanol $ $ C/ C/ " "

(yeast3 (yeast3some some bacteria) bacteria) lactic lactic (animals) (animals)

acid acid

o-idati2e o-idati2e phosphorylati phosphorylati on

Electron Transport hain

hemiosmosis