STABILISATION AND SOLIDIFICATION

EVT627 HAZARDOUS WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of lectures of week 6 student will Be able to identify the mechanism of solidification and stabilization Able to describe the technology and perform analysis on solidification Know the way stabilization was implement at field

TOPIC OF DISCUSSION
Introduction Mechanisms Technology Performance Anaysis Field implementation

INTRODUCTION
Stabilisation and solidification are intended primarily to reduce the mobility of waste constituents. Widely applied in management of hazardous waste. Categorize as physicochemical process Objectives: To reduce the waste toxicity and mobility, and To improve the engineering properties of the stabilized materials.

STABILISATION
Stabilisation

is a process where additives (reagents) are mixed with waste to minimize the rate of contaminant migration from the waste and reduce the toxicity (hazardous nature) of the waste.
Improve the handling and physical characteristics of the waste Decrease the surface area across which transfer or loss of contaminants can occur Limit the solubility of any pollutants contained in the waste Reduce the toxicity of the contaminants

SOLIDIFICATION
Solidification

is a process employing additives by which the physical nature of the waste is altered during the process (i.e. its strength, compressibility, and/or permeability). Sufficient quantities of solidifying are added to hw to result in a solidified mass of materials. Resulting in strength increase, decreases compressibility, and decreases permeability of the waste.

APPLICATION
Three major areas of application for stabilization technologies are: Industrial Waste - The treatment of industrial wastes such as sludges, Land disposal the treatment of waste prior to secure landfill disposal, and Site remediation the treatment of contaminated land where large quantities of soil containing contaminants are found.

MECHANISMS
Can consist one or more of the following mechanism: Macroencapsulation Microencapsulation Adsorption Absorption Precipitation Detoxification

TECHNOLOGY

Cement-Based Stabilisation/Solidification
Portland cement is the most common stabilisation agent used. It is mixed with the waste in predetermined proportions and water is added. Best suited for inorganic wastes ~ heavy metals Not suitable for organic mater because;

Interfere with hydration process Reduce final strength Not easily stabilized

Advantages:
well known technology Low cost

TECHNOLOGY

Pozzolanic Stabilisation/solidification

A pozzolanic is not cementation on its own but form cementitious compounds when combined with lime (CaO) and water (H2O). The most common pozzolans are fly ash from coal-fired power plant, kiln dust from lime or cement kilns and blast furnace slack.

TECHNOLOGY

Thermoplastic Stabilisation/Solidification

Thermoplastic are substances that exhibits plastic behavior at elevated temperatures. In contaminated media treatment applications, they are used in microencapsulation in which the thermoplastic occupies pore spaces among waste/soil particles.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
FOR

STABILIZED/SOLIDIFIED WASTES

Usually need to be analyzed with respect to their durability and the associated potential for release of contaminants into environment. Leachability is the release of contaminants from waste matrix into the aqueous phase and the exit of these contaminants from the bounding surfaces of the waste mass. Several factors influence contaminant leachability from a stabilized matrix.

FACTOR INFLUENCE CONTAMINANT

LEACHABILITY

Surface area of the waste

Contaminants leachability increase with the specific surface of particulate media. The specific surface is the ratio of total available surface area to the waste mass volume of weigh.
In lab test, agitation is necessary to accelerate the attainment of equilibrium between solid samples and leachant.

Agitation Technique and Equipment

*Leachant the fluid to which the contaminants are leached.

FACTOR INFLUENCE CONTAMINANT

LEACHABILITY

Characteristics of the Leachant

The pH of the leachant affect contaminant leachability because of their controls on the solubility of compounds within the waste matrix.

Leachant/Waste Volumetric Ratio

The higher the leachant/waste volumetrics ratio, the higher is the total mass of contaminants released for a given time interval.

FIELD IMPLEMENTATION
Three alternative methods for implementing stabilization technologies in the field:

In-Drum Mixing Alternatives

In-Situ Mixing Alternatives

Plant Mixing Alternatives

IN-DRUM MIXING ALTERNATIVES

Objective: to improve the physical characteristics of drummed hazardous wastes prior to land disposal, containers of toxic and hazardous liquids and sludge. Has been used extensively The drum serves as:

Mixing vessel Shipment container

Process involves:

Addition of the chemical reagent Mixing by a top-entering mixing table.

May be performed remotely by robot.

IN-SITU MIXING ALTERNATIVES

Widely employed method Frequently uses commonly available construction equipment to accomplish the mixing process. Can minimize the handling of the waste Examples:

By using modified auger with mixing blades Jet grouting

Advantages:

Smaller equipment with ability to work near buildings and buried utilities Low vibration - quite

PLANT MIXING ALTERNATIVES

Employs mechanical mixer ~ batch or continuous processes Agents are added and blended during the process Treated materials then are placed in their ultimate disposal area. Continuous process can provide significantly improve control over the mix proportions and the thoroughness of blending. The blended material is then transported for disposal