FIRE FIGHTNING SYSTEM

Guided by: Ar. Tarika mam

Submitted by: Ashish Varghese Chetan Vasani

Contents:
Introduction The fire triangle Classification of building based on occupancy Classification of fire Causes of fire Fire & Smoke Spread of fire a) Fire spread inside the building b) Fire spread outside the building c) Fire between the buildings Spread of Smoke Hazards due to fire Smoke hazards & poisonous gases Fire protection a) Design consideration for fire protection b) Mechanical consideration for fire protection Fire protection requirement for multistory buildings

The Fire Triangle

Three things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire:

The Fire Triangle

1. FUEL - any combustible material - solid, liquid or gas. Most solids and liquids must vaporize before they will burn. 2. OXYGEN - Sufficient oxygen must be present in the atmosphere surrounding the fuel for fire to burn. 3. HEAT- Sufficient heat energy must be applied to raise the fuel to it's ignition temperature

Classification of building based on occupancy

The classification of building is done as per natural building Code:GROUPS BUILDING TYPE CLASSIFICATION a b c d e Residential Educational Institutional Assembly Business
Lodging, Family private dwellings, hostels, dormitories, clubs etc. School, college, assemblies for instruction. Custodial institutions, penal & mental institution. Outdoor assemblies, Grand stands, stadium, amusement park, circus etc. Offices, banks, professional establishments, Architect & engineer Offices, computer installations, laboratories etc. Shops, stores, underground shopping center, Departmental stores etc.

Mercantile

g
h

Industrial
Storage

Low hazard industries, modern hazard industries, high hazard industries.

Cold storage, marine terminals, stone houses.

Classification of fire
Fire are classified into four classes according to the type of inflammable or combustible material involved: Class A: fires involving solids such as wood, paper & most plastics are termed as class a fires. Water is the most effective the cheapest & the most easily applied extinguishing agent for class a fires. Class B: These fires are of organic liquids such as gasoline, fuel oil, benzene & acetone. Such fire becomes important with the advance of petroleum industries other chemical processing industries. These fire can be controlled by removing the air with the blanketing agent, such as CO2 or a Water is the from of high pressure fog is an effective extinguishing but conventional water streams are unstable because they spread fire.

 Class C: a class c fire is any fire in which energized electric equipment is involved because of hazards of electric shocks, any extinguishing agent may be used that does not forms electrically conducting paths, including high pressure water fogs aqueous foams are not suitable. Class D: Fires fueled by sodium, magnesium, titanium & other reactive metals, their reactive compounds such as sodium hydride, composed these class & are latecomers of the fire scene. These fires are best controlled by removal of air by blanket of unreactive powder such as sodium chloride or graphite,co2 ,sand & water can be used either because this substances are the source of oxygen for these fuels.

According to the fire resistance & structural Precautions provided the building are graded in four types: Type a:- All structural components having four hour resistance. Type b:- All structural components having three hour resistance. Type c:- All structural components having two hour resistance. Type d:- All structural components having one hour resistance.

Causes of fire
Fire is almost always the result of negligence the rate of growth ultimate severity & risks involved in the events of fire depends largely on the use to which building is being applied. The various causes of fire in building may be: 1. Result of negligence or lapse in parts of human such as lighted cigarettes or match-stick & left burnt carelessly in any place. 2. Bad workmanship in electrical wiring. 3. Fire in kitchen. Kitchen fires are too common arises out of negligence of a sheer carelessness such as: a) A 250ml kerosene stove filled up with kerosene while the wick still burns. b) lpg gas, cylinder roughly handled & not switched off when not in use. c) Gas allow to leak through their old rubbers connection or ancient gas stove piping.

d) Even defective electrical kitchen equipments, ovens & mixers can start a fire. 4. Fortunately small hand held co2 or halon fire extinguishers help fight most household fires. 5. Fires also occurs due to improper storage handling of high explosive, inflammable liquid which produces spontaneous combustion in hazardous buildings. Such as fire works, explosive manufacturing factories, godowns, shades or storage areas of these materials etc. 6. Fire are also caused due to lightning as it mat cause electrical shock & sparks in electrical wiring & gadgets due to improper earthing etc.

FIRE AND SMOKE

When a fire starts in a structure, smoke spreads and overcome peoples in first few minutes , long before the fire can reach them.
Some smoke moves more than 50 feets per minute and may kill people before they even notice fire.

When fire becomes visible, the speed of smoke may be over 100 feets per minute. The speed of fire is approximately 15 feets per min.

SPREAD OF FIRE
In a building, fire spreads from the room where ignition took place by passing through gaps in a room enclosure. The fire consist of consist of flames as hot gases which takes flame as they encounter oxygen. The growth of a fire depends on the amount and disposition of combustible material within the building either in the form of unfixed materials or parts of fabric such as wall and ceiling linings, which will contribute to the fire. The further spread of fire occurs by the usual method of heat propagation that is by conduction, convection and radiation. These are three types of fire spread: 1. Fire spread inside the building. 2. Fire spread outside the building. 3. Fire between the buildings.

FIRESPREAD INSIDE A BUILDING

Inside a building, the flames and hot gases can escape from the room through the doors, suspended ceilings, raised floors and more insidiously through service ducts, cable frays or through gaps around pipes that penetrates the room enclosure. As the flame and gases escapes from the room enclosure, they are then free to spread along windows, stairs and lift cores, service shaft, cavities within the construction between the rooms.

FIRESPREAD OUTSIDE A BUILDING

The fire can spread to other parts of the same building by the flames emerging from the windows. Flames from the original fire starts a fire on the floor above; which then develop until flames from these floors cause a fire on the next floor and so on right up the building. The height of the flame tip above the bottom of the window increases as the rate of burning increases. For a window of constant height, with the same rate of burning, the gaps in flame decreases as the window width increases.

With continuous strips of glazing the flame tips can curl back and enter the floor above and set fire to combustible material. The conclusion which can be drawn from these examples is that window should be as small as possible. Increasing either height or width increases the fire spread by flames out of the windows.

FIRE SPREAD BETWEEN BUILDINGS

THE FIRE CAN SPREAD FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER IN THREE WAYS, WHICH MAY OPERATE SINGLY OR IN COMBINATION: FIRE SPREAD BY CONVECTION: Limited heat transfer takes place by convection by hot gases and flames emerging from the building in fire. FIRE SPREAD BY FLYING BRANDS: Under the influence of the strong movements above a fire, red hot or burning piece of material may fly out from the burning building. these flying brands do not constitutes a very great danger of the spread. FIRE SPREAD BY RADIATED HEAT: Radiation can have intensity sufficient to cause ignition to a considerable distance from fire. the possible ways for preventing such fire spread are as follows: 1. by reducing the number and size of openings on the wall. 2. by increasing separation between them

SPREAD OF SMOKE
Smoke consists of the gases given of by the combustible materials, of sooty particles from the fire and of the air entrained by the flame of hot gases as they rise from the fire. The hot gases near ceiling level will be at higher pressure than the atmospheric pressure at that level and those gases near floor level at some lower pressure that this, if vents provided, the smoke would be expelled at the top, thus pulling in fresh air at the lower level. If no vents are provided, then the layers of smoke will spread sideways and downwards and occupy more and more volume of room.

HAZARDS DUE TO FIRE

PERSONAL HAZARD
Hazards to the occupant of the building. Requires safe fireproof exit and escapes in all the buildings. e.g. all public buildings, residential apartments, etc.

INTERNAL HAZARD OR DAMAGE

Hazards to the structure and contents i.e. damage or destruction of the building & its components. e.g. collapse of structure on account of failure of structural components like columns, beams, etc.

EXPOSURE HAZARD Hazards due to spread of fire to other buildings. Spread of fire with air as a carrier. e.g. jhuggi shops in slums.

FACTORS OF PERSONAL HAZARDS

THE HAZARDS TO THE OCCUPANTS ARE DUE TO FACTORS LIKE:

A. B.
C.

REDUCTION OF OXYGEN DUE TO SMOKE. INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE: breathing is difficult above a temperature of 100 degree f. SPREAD OF FLAME: the risk here is of burning by physical contact with flame and should be minimized by enclosing escape roots with non combustible materials.

SMOKE HAZARDS AND TOXIC GASES

the consumption of oxygen by the fire is accompanied by toxic gases evolved by the fire particularly carbon monoxide with smoke which results from incomplete combustion. the hazards are as follows: a. smoke may spread and still be at lethal concentration in a building. b. it may reduce visibility which can prevent escape from the building. carbon monoxide: this gas hampers oxygen from reaching the brain. it is one of the abundant by-product of all types of fire.it is invisible and odorless. carbon dioxide: this gas over stimulates the rate of breathing and it is thus responsible for increasing the intake of the toxic gases. hydrogen sulphide: this gas affects the nervous system and it censes dizziness and pain in the respiration system. nitrogen dioxide: this gas numbs or deadens the throat.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR FIRE PROTECTION

THE DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR THE FIRE PROTECTION ARE CONCERNED WITH THE LAYOUT AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING AND ACCESS TO IT. THE DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR FIRE PROTECTION MAY BE SUBDIVIDED UNDER: CONSTRUCTION LAYOUT & PLANNING OF ACCESS AND ESCAPE ROUTES

VENTILATION OF SMOKE AND TOXIC GASES

COMPARTMENTATION

CONSTRUCTION
DEPENDING UPON THE FIRE RESISTING PROPERTIES, THE COMMONLY USED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. TIMBER: Timber has unique property of self insulation and slow burning & offers considerable resistance to fire. when surface area is more, it quickens fire. when subject to fire, timber first gets charged to certain depth and there after, this charred layer serves as insulation to check the spread of fire to inner portions. thus thick timber section should be used.

2. BRICK: First class bricks moulded from good clay can stand exposure to fire for a considerable length of time. the properties which render them from fire resistance are size of brick, method of construction and component of fire resistive material in bricks i.e. clay, etc. it has been well established that brick masonry construction is more suitable for safeguarding the structure from fire.

3. STONE: The use of stone in a fire resistive construction should be strictly restricted to minimum. hot stone when subjected to sudden cooling develop cracks and lead to failure of structure.

4. STEEL: although incombustible, but has very low fire resistant value. at 6500 f it becomes soft and expands & in contact with extinguishing water, it contracts and gets distort endangering the structure.
5. CONCRETE: The influence of fire on concrete varies with the nature of its course aggregate and density. in an average fire, the concrete surface gets disintegrated for a depth of about 25 mm. 6.GLASS: Glass conducts heat faster than metal. because of its low thermal conductivity, the change in volume on account of expansion or contraction is very small and as such it may be considered to be a fire resisting material.

7. ASBESTOS: It is a fibrous mineral which is combined with Portland cement to form a material having great fire resistive value. asbestos cement products are largely used for the resistive partitions, roof, etc.
8. PLASTER: Plaster or mortar is incombustible and as such by suitable choice of type of mortar, the walls or ceilings of a building are or can be made more fire resistant.

Fire Alarm and Detection Systems

A fire detection system recognizes when a fire is occurring and activates the fire alarm system. Alerts occupants May alert the fire department May automatically activate fire suppression systems Fire alarm and detection systems can be very simple or very complex. These systems generally have the same basic components.

1.

Electronic combustion gas detector: the device detects the combustion gases at an easily of fire fighting before the smoke would natured. such a detector can usually monitor in excess of 50m2 or more of floor area and is preferred in a occupancies when life is endangered.

2. Radiant emission detector: Such a detector responds to infrared or ultraviolet radiation. In same case this detector is designed to respond to rapid fluctuation in the radiation the role of fluctuation being chosen to correspond approximately to the thicker rate of fire but to exclude the background radiation from other sources such a detector can monitor as much as (1000 m2) of floor area if its field of view is unobstructed. 3. Light scattering (or refracting) detectors: this device appears in various versions, each employing a different principal. One commonly used detector of this type is based on the scattering of light by smoke particles. A new device used for refraction of multiply reflected laser been to detect convection cells produced by a fire.

4.

Fixed temperature detector: this detector trigger on also upon reaching a present temperature. Typical versions respond at temperatures. Max. level-158f(70c) & min. level 122f(50c)

5.

Rate of temperature rise detector: such a type responds to a quick rise in room temperature. A typical version responds when the rate of rise exceeds about 0.4f/s(0.2c/s). This covers an area of 20.0 m2 of floor area.

Smoke Detectors
Designed to sense the presence of smoke Commonly found in school, hospital, business, and commercial occupancies with fire alarm systems Most common are ionization and photoelectric detectors.

1. Optical smoke detectors: these will not respond to the invisible smoke from a class burning fire but will respond quickly to smoke which is optically device. these type of detectors can be used in dust free and clean atmospheres.
2. Ionization chamber smoke detectors: these respond quickly to invisible smoke from a clear burning fire but may respond slowly to optically dense smoke. These type of detectors can be used in dust free and humidity controlled atmospheres. 3. Chemically sensitive smoke detectors: they have a chemically coated sensitive element that react to the presence of carbon monoxide or other products of combustion present in smoke. These detectors may not be suitable for residential occupancies.

Alarm system:
1. Manual fire alarm system:

Designed so that building occupants can activate the fire alarm system. Primary manual initiation device is the manual fire alarm box, or manual pullstation.
Once activated, should stay in the activated position until it is reset.

2. Automatic alarm system: Designed to function without human intervention. Can use several different types of detectors . Some detectors activated by smoke or by invisible products of combustion Others react to heat, light produced by an open flame, or specific gases

Residential Fire Alarm Systems

Single-station smoke alarm most common type of residential fire alarm system. Includes both a smoke. detection device and an audible alarm within a single unit. Millions installed in private dwellings and apartments. Smoke alarms can be battery-powered or hard-wired to a 110-volt electrical system. Up-to-date codes require new homes to have a smoke alarm in every bedroom and on every floor level. Many home fire alarm systems are part of security systems.

Automatic sprinklers:
In most automatic sprinkler systems, the sprinkler heads open one at a time as they are heated to their operating temperature. One of the major advantages of a sprinkler system is that it can function as both a fire detection system and a fire suppression system.
Four major components: Automatic sprinkler heads Piping Control valves A water supply, which may or may not include a fire pump

Automatic Sprinkler Heads:

The working ends of a sprinkler system Composed of: A body, which includes the orifice (opening) A release mechanism that holds a cap in place over the orifice A deflector that directs the water in a spray pattern

Fusible Link Sprinkler Heads:

Use a metal alloy, such as solder that melts at a specific temperature Alloy links two other pieces of metal that keep the cap in place. When designated operating temperature is reached, solder melts and the link breaks, releasing the cap.

Temperature Ratings for sprinkler system:

Typical rating for sprinkler heads in a light hazard occupancy would be 165F (74C). Rating should be stamped on the body of the sprinkler head. Temperature rating must match the anticipated ambient air temperatures. Spare heads that match those used in the system should always be available on-site

Mounting Position:

Sprinkler Piping:
Network of pipes that delivers water to sprinkler heads Includes main water supply lines, risers, feeder lines, and branch lines Usually made of steel Plastic pipe sometimes used in residential systems

Valves:
A sprinkler system includes several different valves such as: Main water supply control valve Alarm valve Other, smaller valves used for testing and service All of the valves play a critical role in the design and function of the system.

Types of extinguishers
Water (under air pressure) All Red body Dry Chemical Powder - Class of Fire: A, B, C, (E) and F Red body White band Foam - Class of Fire: A and B Blue or Red with Blue band. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Class of Fire: A, B, (E) and F Red with Black band. Wet Chemical - Class of Fire: A and Buff or Red with Buff band. Vaporizing Liquid - Class of Fire: A, B, C and (E) Red with Yellow Band Halon (BCF) - Do not use now illegal, environmental hazard. All Yellow

Water storage system:

Negative suction

Positive suction

Hose reels
Hose reals are a familiar feature in public places. Hose reals should only be used when there is no other way out.

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