REFORMATI ON in the CHURCH

REFORMATION

the action or process of reforming an institution or practice.

a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Church

Lesson 6:

Reformation within the Church

Agencies of Reform

The chief agencies in carrying out this work were:

The papacy A group of religious orders, especially the Society of Jesus or Jesuits The Council of Trent

Second Vatican Council Second Plenary Council of the Philippines PCPII

PERIOD OF

RENAISSA NCE

The Renaissance defined

a cultural movement from the 14th 17th century " New Birth" new enthusiasm for classical literature, learning, and art which gave a new culture to Europe.

THE PAPACY

Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s POPE ALEXANDER VI most notorious of the Renaissance popes.
He

spent huge sums on art patronage

3 masters of the renaissance

(2)The Society of Jesus

The second agency of Catholic reform was religious orders, most notably, the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits were founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. He was a Spanish soldier, injured in battle, who experienced a conversion during his convalescence.

St. Ignatius Loyola

As a consequence, he felt a new desire to devote his life to the service of God and carried his military ideals with him. Henceforth, he would be a Soldier of Christ.

New Religious Order

After obtaining baccalaureate and graduate degrees, Loyola decided to found a new religious order. In 1540, Pope Paul III officially recognized the Society of Jesus. In addition to the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, they took an additional vow of special obedience to the pope.

Purposes of the Order

The original purpose of the Jesuits was to reach and convert the masses of people who had strayed from the church. Thus preaching was their fundamental task. They also stressed the instruction of children in Christian doctrine and urged more frequent confession and communion.

Education

In addition to being spiritual advisers, Jesuits devoted themselves to teaching, fighting heresy, and converting the heathen. The Jesuits came to be the most successful educators in the church. They were interested primarily in higher education, and came to dominate many universities and seminaries.

(3) Council of Trent

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

Pope Paul III convoked the Council of Trent The Council of Trent was the 16th century council of the Roman Catholic Church. It convened in Trento, Italy

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

The council of Trent was considered to be one of the most important councils in the Christian religion.

25 sessions for three periods

During the pontificate of Pope Paul III, the Council fathers met for the first eight sessions in Trento (154547), and for the ninth to eleventh sessions in Bologna (1547). Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in Trento (155152) for the twelfth to sixteenth sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions took place in Trento (155963).

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

The 19th Ecumenical Council of the Church was summoned for the purposes of 1) reforming the Church, and 2) combating protestantism.

Two concerns of the Catholic Church:

1. Self- renewal
Because
Selling

of the blatant corruption by some hierarchy and clergy of the Church

of indulgence by the Church authority Scandals and corruption

2. Opposition to the wrong teachings or heresy of the Protestants

Catharis/ Albigenses: the human body is evil because the body traps the spirit; they reject the sacraments and sacramentals Martin Luther: by faith alone, man can be saved; there are two sacraments baptism and holy Eucharist Ulrich Zwingli: he held the mass as only a remembrance not a sacrifice John Calvin: Doctrine of Pre-destination: that before the foundations of the earth were laid, some were chosen to be saved. Henry VIII: annulment of marriage without the legal

The COUNCIL OF TRENT did not condemn Luther but countered all his teachings, namely: Scripture alone and grace alone Two sacraments: baptism and holy Eucharist The protestants receive holy communion with both bread and wine

Affirmed the role of human cooperation with grace for salvation Seven sacraments Approved the custom of giving under one species

SUMMARY:

The third agency of Catholic reform was the Council of Trent which met over a period of eighteen years (between 1545-63). It met the challenge of the Protestant Reformation by clarifying doctrine and by instituting reforms that improved the quality of the clergy. It also helped the church to hold on to what it had retained, regain much of what it had been in danger of losing, and remain a powerful force in the life of Christendom.

What exactly the Council of Trent achieved?

Seminaries were established to provide moral and theological training to clergy for pastoral work

What exactly the Council of Trent achieved?

Reforms were carried out for clerical celibacy and chastity

What exactly the Council of Trent achieved?

Residency and faithfulness of the bishop

Doctrinal Decrees

In the meetings of 1545-47, important doctrinal decrees were passed:

The Latin Vulgate was accepted as the official text of the Bible. The Protestant doctrine that the Bible was the sole basis for religious authority was superseded by the doctrine that church tradition was equal in authority to Scriptures. The Protestant doctrines of justification by faith alone, the bondage of the will, man's utter depravity and helplessness, and the doctrine of predestination were rejected. Faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation. All seven of sacraments were declared to be true sacraments instituted by Christ.

Reform Decrees

The council insisted on the duty of Bishops to reside in their dioceses. They must never be absent for more than three months, and not at all during advent and lent. Pluralism (multiple offices) was forbidden. Bishops were required to preach every Sunday and Holy Day, and to visit every church within their diocese at least once a year. Each bishop was to exercise careful supervision over his clergy, ordaining only worthy priests and severely disciplining those guilty of misconduct.

Priestly Responsibilities

Priests also were held to the obligation of residence and were required to preach. To improve the level of priestly education, the council proposed the establishment of a theological seminary in every diocese. Priests were to exercise care for their flocks, explaining the Bible, the sacraments, and the liturgy.

Outcome of Decrees

The decrees were not adopted universally, enthusiastically, or unanimously. Nevertheless, the work of the council eventually succeeded in infusing a new spirit in the church, which strengthened it immensely and made it capable of defense and further conquest.

Religious Revival

In addition to these agencies of Catholic reform, both positive and negative, there was a genuine revival of Catholic piety led by men and women of outstanding devotion and sanctity (e.g., Charles Borromeo, Teresa of Avila, and John of the Cross). Throughout Catholic Europe, inspired by such leaders as these, there was a renewal and revival of Christian feeling.

Split Remained

The council failed to reunite the church. Reconciliation with the Protestants proved impossible. Even after the abuses had been corrected, the split remained.

A candle which symbolizes prayers for the all the victims and lights that represents hope that after the rain there is a rainbow. In our own little way we can reach out our fellow countrymen to surpass the trial and tragedy they are experiencing. God

The Renaissance

Translation of the Bible to the native language Sense of nationalism

Ecclesiastical scandals

People wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the peoples faith in the church

Martin Luther

John Calvin Henry VIII

Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany Father encouraged him to study law

A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) He criticized:

The Power of the Pope

The Extreme Wealth of the Church Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Gutenbergs Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

The Diet of Worms 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs Luther burned the order and was excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German spreading his beliefs even further

Some Local German Churches accepted Luthers ideas

Lutheranism was formed

Supported by German Princes who issued a formal protest against the Church for suppressing the reforms
The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

Sola Fide or faith alone. Sola Gratia or grace alone. Sola Scriptura or Scripture alone.
1529- at the Diet of Speyer, the followers of Luther were first called Protestants bec they were protesting against the move of Emperor Charles V to suppress them

Influenced by Martin Luther Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

Architect of International Protestantism

Brought discipline, order and organization to Protestantism Rejected all sacraments

Calvin church ran the state. They ruled, judged and punished

Calvin believed in: Salvation through Predestination

At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

Foreknowledge

God knows everything that will happen in your life Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

Started in Switzerland Calvinists England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform

France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church

Puritan

Presbyterian Hugeunots

MARTIN LUTHER
Martin Luthers Teaching
It is not through our merit that we are saved but through the immeasurable mercy and generosity of God, who justifies us in spite of our sins

Catholic Church Teachings

Our salvation depends first, on how we love our neighbor. Second, if we love God, with all our mind, with all our heart, and with all our soul. These 2 commandments compressed into one and are inseparable. We have to focus on the notion that salvation is a gift yet we still have to do our part through cooperating with Gods grace and mercy. Our faith alone will not save us. We have to work and show effort to do our part through corporal and spiritual works and with Gods grace and mercy.

By faith alone, man can be saved.

MARTIN LUTHER
Martin Luthers Teaching
Scriptures were the source of authority through which the Word of God reached the sinner.

Catholic Church Teachings

As to the obedience to the authorities of the Church, the teachings of the Church are part and parcel of our salvation.

JOHN CALVIN
John Calvins Teaching
God is Sovereign, the Absolute Ruler of the universe. Nothing happened without Gods direct involvement. Calvin thought that God manipulates what man does. Man has no freedom. God can choose or condemn man.

Catholic Church Teachings

Our Christian faith is a free response. No one, not even God, forces us to believe. This accounts mans freedom to decide anything what he wants of himself. Modern psychology attests to the fact that man develop in stages. Even the chosen people had undergone good and evil; success and failure. these people sinned and reformed. God did not prevent them from what they did, even in worshipping other gods.

JOHN CALVIN
John Calvins Teaching
He developed the doctrine or predestination which means that before the foundations of the earth were laid, some were chosen to be saved.

Catholic Church Teachings

Never had God predestined human persons to salvation or perdition. God gave the human person the power to govern himself and the world he lives in.

HENRY VIII
Errors of Henry
He wanted annulment of marriage due to inability of his wife, Catherine of Aragon, to beget a male to the throne.

Catholic Church Teachings

Annulment of marriage without the legal and canonical approval is against the teachings of the church. According to church teachings, the intimate union of marriage as a mutual gift of two persons, and the good of children, demands total fidelity from the spouses and requires an unbreakable unity between them. GS 48

VATICAN I

The First Vatican Council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, after a period of planning and preparation that began on 6 December 1864

VAT. I

twentieth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held three centuries after the Council of Trent, opened on 8 December 1869 and adjourned on 20 October 1870. Its best-known decision is its definition

papal infallibility.
of

The Second Vatican Council

(Latin: Concilium Oecumenicum Vaticanum Secundum or informally known as Vatican II)

addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern era. It was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church and the second to be held at Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. The council, through the Holy See, formally opened under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception in 1965.

VATICAN II

Date

19621965
John XXIII

Convoked by

Presided by

John XXIII Paul VI

Attendance

up to 2625

VAT. II
Topics of discussion
The Church in itself, its sole salvific role as the one, true Christian faith, also in relation to ecumenism among other religions, in relation to the modern world, renewal of consecrated life, liturgical disciplines, etc.

VAT. II
Documents and statements Four Constitutions:
Dei Verbum (Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) Gaudium et Spes (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) Sacrosanctum Concilium(Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy)

Nine Decrees:

Ad Gentes (Decree on the Church's Missionary Activity) Optatam Totius (Decree on the Training of Priests) Orientalium Ecclesiarum(Decree on the Catholic Oriental Churches) Perfectae Caritatis (Decree on the Up-to-date Renewal of Religious Life) Presbyterorum Ordinis(Decree on the Life and Ministry of Priests)

Three Declarations:
Dignitatis Humanae(Declaration on Religious Liberty) Gravissimum Educationis(Declaration on Christian Education) Nostra Aetate (Declaration on the Church's Relations with Non-Christian Religions)

First seven ecumenical council

1)

2)
3) 4) 5)

6)

7)

First Council of Nicaea (325) First Council of Constantinople (381) Council of Ephesus (431) Council of Chalcedon (451) Second Council of Constantinople (553) Third Council of Constantinople (680 681) Second Council of Nicaea (787)

19. Council of Trent

(15451563, with interruptions) addressed church reform and repudiated Protestantism, defined the role and canon of Scripture and the seven sacraments, and strengthened clerical discipline and education.

20. First Council of the Vatican

(1870) defined pope's primacy in church governance and his infallibility, repudiated rationalism, materialism and atheism, addressed revelation, interpretation of scripture and the relationship of faith and reason.

21. Second Council of the Vatican

(19621965) addressed pastoral and disciplinary issues dealing with the Church and its relation to the modern world, including liturgy and ecumenism.

Dominant Image of the Church before Vatican II

A Church that is massive, highly institutionalized and impersonal. A church where members live in anonymity and do not feel a sense of belonging. A Church that is identified exclusively with the hierarchy and that ignores the laity. A Church that is exclusively liturgical and sacramental, a Church that is not concerned about the situation of poverty, injustice, violence and the destruction of the environment. A Church that is associated with the rich and powerful, where the poor are marginalized.

Vatican II Vision of a Renewed Church

The Call for Church Renewal

John XXIII convened Vatican II to renew the Church -- for aggiornamento It was a council of the Church on the Church

Ecclesiological Themes in Vatican II

Communion People of God participating in the mission of Christ as Priest, Prophet & King (Hierarchical Leadership at the service of the People of God)

Vatican II Vision of a Renewed Church

Prophetic (witnessing) Priestly Kingly (worshipping)(servant)

Paradigm Shift in Vatican II

From a highly institutionalized model to a more communitarian model From a highly clericalized model to a greater emphasis on the active participation of the lay-faithful in the life and mission of the Church From a narrow spiritualistic/cultic outlook to a holistic perspective which encourages involvement in the temporal/social order

Thus, the dominant institutional/sacramental model has been replaced by a more holistic vision of the Church. The Church is not just an institution, it is also a community whose members are in communion with God and with one another. It is not just a worshipping community, it is also a prophetic and servant community. Its mission is not only spiritual, it is also temporal. The Church is not only concerned about heaven, it is also concerned about the earth and all its problems.

Thrust of Vatican II Ecclesiology: Renewed Church

A communitarian vision of the Church A holistic vision of the Church people of God that is prophetic, priestly, kingly (servant). Concern for the temporal order (economic, political, cultural) for justice & peace Lay Participation in the Churchs life & mission Renewal of the Clergy a more holistic understanding of ministry

Post-Conciliar Reception and Implementation

From 1965 up to the present -- reception and implementation of the councils decree and spirit after the council The task of renewing the Church now falls on the local Churches

PCP IIs vision of the Church

Community
Witnessing

Worshipping

Serving

PCP II Vision of the Church

The PCP II has adopted the image of the early Church in Acts and the ecclesiology of Vatican II as its basis for its vision of a renewed Church:

Community of Disciples living in Communion participating in the mission of Christ as priestly, prophetic & kingly people and as the Church of the Poor

PCP II Vision of the Church Community of Disciples

Prophetic (witnessing) Priestly Kingly (worshipping)(servant)

BECs as Expression of the PCP II Vision of a Renewed Church

Our

vision of the Church as communion, participation and mission, about the Church as priestly, prophetic, & kingly people, and as a Church of the Poor- a church that is renewed - is today finding expression in one ecclesial movement. This is the movement to foster Basic Ecclesial Communities. par 137

PCP II Vision of BECs: Community of Disciples

Prophetic (witnessing) Priestly Kingly (worshipping)(servant)

Description: PCP II
They are small communities of Christian, usually
of families who gather around the Word of God & the Eucharist. These communities are united to their pastors but are ministered to regularly by lay leaders. The members know each other by name & share not only the Word of God & the Eucharist but also their concerns both material & spiritual They have a strong sense of belongingness & responsibility for one another (par 138)

Usually emerging from the grassroots among poor

farmers & workers, BECs consciously strive to integrate their faith & their daily life. They are guided & encouraged by regular catechesis. Poverty & their faith urge their members towards solidarity with one another, action for justice & towards a vibrant celebration of life in the liturgy. (par 139)

Characteristics of BECs
1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

Small communities whose members are united to one another and their pastors (koinonia) They share the word of God and are guided by regular catechesis (kerygma) prophetic community They gather around the Eucharist and have a vibrant celebration of life in the liturgy (leitorgia) priestly community They share their material concerns & get involved in action for justice & peace and social transformation. (diakonia) kingly/servant community They emerge among the poor & empower the

BECs: Terminology
BECs - generic term for small faithcommunities emerging at the grassroots (BCCs, SCCs, GKKs, GSK, MSKs, KrisKa, Damayan & other local names)

Communities
They are communities, not organizations, prayer groups, societies or associations. They are not specialized groups but stable environment. The members often live in close proximity and interact with each other regularly. (family/neighborhood groupings of 8-12 members are part of the community but they cannot be equated to the community)

Basic Communities
They are basic communities, because of their size, the quality of relationship among the members and their social location (base, grassroots)

Ecclesial
They are referred to as ecclesial because they are considered as a way of being Church. They are the church at the microcosm, the church at the grassroots in the neighborhood & the village.

BECs a Way of Being Church

Through the BECs, the Church is truly experienced as a community of disciples. The lay faithful experience communion. The lay faithful live out their vocation as people of God that participates in Christs prophetic, priestly and kingly mission The church becomes truly the Church of the Poor

The Church as Communion

The image of Church as communion emphasizes the communitarian and interpersonal dimension of the Church. Ecclesial communion can be lived out in various levels:
Universal

(communion of local Churches) Local (communion of dioceses/parishes) Parish (communion of BECs) BEC (communion of individual members, cells and families)

BECs as Expression of Communion

According to John Paul II, the BECs can be true expression of communion and a means towards construction of a more profound communion. In the BECs the members have a strong sense of belonging & responsibility for one another. The members experience the bond of unity which is based on shared faith, celebrated in the breaking of the bread, concretely expressed in the sharing of material goods.

Living in Communion as BECs

A new way of being Church means looking at the parish as network of BECs a communion of communions. The members of BECs experience communion among themselves, while each BEC is linked to other BECS. Although ministered by lay leaders, the BECs maintain a bond of communion with their pastors the parish priests & the bishop.

Church as People of God: Prophetic, Priestly & Kingly

Vatican II & PCP II view the Church as a people of God that is prophetic, priestly & kingly by nature and mission. This image of the Church asserts that all the baptized share in the life and mission of the Church. Thus, the laity have the right and responsibility to actively participate in the prophetic, priestly and kingly mission of the Church

Prophetic, Priestly, Kingly People

This provides us with a holistic view of the Church. It negates the exclusively liturgical/ sacramental image of the Church. The Church is not only a worshipping community, it is also a prophetic and servant community. This image of the Church can be experienced by ordinary lay people at the BECs since these are prophetic, priestly and servant communities.

The Church as Prophetic People

It has the mission of proclaiming the Good news a mission of evangelization & catechesis. It is also called to be the conscience of society this is the mission of denouncing evil and all its manifestation: injustice, oppression, violence, the culture of death. It has announces the Good News of liberation & salvation, of life, justice & peace. It witnesses to the Word & calls people to conversion. The prophetic mission of the church can be exercised in the universal and local level by the

BECs as Prophetic Communities

It is in and through BECs that lay people can participate in the mission of the Church. The BECs come together to listen to the Word, to proclaim and give witness to it. They are evangelized and evangelizing communities, they are witnessing communities. BECs have the task of evangelizing & catechizing families, neighborhood communities and barangays. It is within the BECs that the Gospel values & church teachings are learned.

BECs as Prophetic Communities

BECs carry out their prophetic & evangelizing mission whenever they come together in their homes and chapels for their bible-service to reflect/discern on the word of God and their concrete situation.

The Church as Priestly People

The Church is a worshipping and celebrating community. The priesthood of the faithful is expressed in the full and active participation in the liturgical and sacramental celebration. The lay-faithful can exercise their priestly mission not only in the parish level but also in BECs.

BECs as Priestly Communities

They gather weekly in their chapel to celebrate the Liturgy of the Word presided by lay leaders. Their monthly or bi-monthly celebration of the Eucharist with the parish priest is festive and well participated. They have communal liturgies or rituals for various occasions (birthdays, planting & harvesting,

The Kingly/Servant People

The Church as a Kingly People is called to be a Servant Church. The mission of the church is not purely spiritual. The Church is called to be attentive to the situation of poverty, injustice, armed conflict, human rights violation, ecological degradation, PCP II calls for a renewed social apostolate and for the Church to actively participate in the work for justice, peace, development & integrity of creation. The church is to be involved in social transformation.

BECs as Serving Communities

It is in & through the BECs that lay people can actively participate in the process of social transformation. In response to the problem of poverty, they can set up socio-economic projects (IGP, livelihood, cooperatives, sustainable agriculture, etc.)

BECs as Serving Communities

In response to the armed conflict, they can establish peace zones and be part of the peace movement that pressures the government and revolutionary forces to pursue the peace process.

BECs as Serving Communities

To ensure clean and honest elections, the BECs can be mobilized to help the PPCRV or NAMFREL. They can help in defending the environment They can be mobilized to participate in nationwide prayer rallies and vigils for various causes taken up by the CBCP or the diocese

The Church of the Poor

The most popular image of the Church in PCP II the Church of the poor This requires that the leaders and members of the Church embrace evangelical poverty, live a simple life-style and share their resources with the poor. Those who are not poor are called to make an option for the poor, to be in solidarity with the poor and to defend their rights. The poor members are empowered & called to actively participate in the life & mission of the Church.

BECs as expression of the Church of the Poor

The BECs enable the poor to embrace evangelical poverty and to actively participate in the Churchs prophetic, priestly and pastoral mission The poor are not only evangelized, they also become evangelizers The poor are not just passive recipients of aid, they are active participants in the process of social transformation.

Conclusion

The BECs are indeed a new way of being Church. They are the most local expression of the Church. Through the BECs, the Church can truly be experienced as Community of Disciples, whose members live in communion, and participate in the mission of Christ as worshipping, witnessing and serving communities, and as the Church of the poor. They are indeed the concrete realization of the vision of a renewed Church of Vatican II and PCP II

Awit sa GSK
(Titik ug musika ni Fr. Amado L. Picardal, CSsR)

Koro: Katilingban masaksihon, katilingban maampoon, Katilingbang nag-alagad, kini ang GSK (2X) Kita ang katilingban sa mga tinun-an ni Jesus nagkahiusa, nagpadayon sa misyon ni Kristo. Katawhang propeta, pari ug alagad Ang katilingban sa kabos - Simbahan sa kabos. Kita ang katilingban sa mga tinun-an ni Jesus Gihiusa, gilambigit sa atong Ginoo. Nag-inambitay sa Pulong ug Yukaristiya, ug mga kabtangan, suod nga mga higala.

Koro: Katilingban masaksihon, katilingban maampoon, Katilingbang nag-alagad, kini ang GSK (2X) Kita ang katilingban sa mga tinun-an ni Jesus namati sa pulong sa atong Ginoo nagsaksi, nagsangyaw sa maayong balita sa atong kaluwasan ug sa Gingharian.

Kita ang katilingban sa mga tinun-an ni Jesus nag-ampo ug nagsimba sa atong Ginoo andam nga mohalad sa'tong kinabuhi sama ni Kristo, labaw nga pari. (koro)

Koro: Katilingban masaksihon, katilingban maampoon, Katilingbang nag-alagad, kini ang GSK (2X) Kita ang katilingban sa mga tinun-an ni Jesus katilingbang nag-alagad sa nanginahanglan. nagpatunhay sa hustisya ug sa kalinaw nakigbisog, nagpalambo sa Gingharian.

Kita ang katilingban sa mga tinun-an ni Jesus gilangkoban sa kabos, nagdapig sa kabos. Way laing gisaligan, gawas ang Ginoo Maabtikong nagasalmot sa misyon ni Kristo. (Koro)