CHAPTER 1

Ecology And Environment

Yogesh, Hiren, Missam

Mechanical Dept.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Importance of environment and scope
The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science because it comprises various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture, public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of physical phenomena in the environment.

Scope of Environment :
Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases,

Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reservoir, polar
icecaps, glaciers, and ground
Yogesh,Hiren,Missam Mechanical. LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Importance of environment and scope
Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the earths crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the real of living organisms and their interactions with environment, e.g. atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Composition of Atmosphere
Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Water Vapor 0 to 4% Carbon Dioxide - .037% Other gases make up the rest

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Atmospheric Layers
8 layers are defined by constant trends in average air temperature (which changes with pressure and radiation), where the outer exosphere is not shown. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Troposphere Tropopause Stratosphere Stratopause Mesosphere Mesopause Thermosphere Exosphere

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Atmospheric Layers
Tropopause :
Separates Troposphere from Stratosphere. Generally higher in summer Lower in winter.

Troposphere :
Temp decrease with height Most of our weather occurs in this layer Varies in height around the globe, but Averages about 11 km in height. Yogesh,Hiren,Missam Mechanical. LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Atmospheric Layers

Stratosphere
Temperature inversion in stratosphere Ozone plays a major part in heating the air At this altitude

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Atmospheric Layers

Mesosphere
Middle atmosphere Air thin, pressure low, Need oxygen to live in this region. Air quite Cold -90C (130F) near the top of mesosphere

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Atmospheric Layers

Thermosphere
Hot layer oxygen molecules absorb energy from solar Rays warming the air. Very few atoms and molecules in this Region.

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Atmospheric Mixture & Charge
Additional layers include: a) the homosphere with 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen b) the poorly mixed heterosphere c) the electrically charged ionosphere

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

The Hydrosphere
Water on Earth is a unique feature that clergy distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system. Not a drop of liquid water can be found anywhere else in the solar system. Earth has just the right mass, the right chemical composition, the right atmosphere, and is the right distance from the Sun that permits water to exist mainly as a liquid. Water is the universal solvent and the basis of all life on our Planet.

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

The Hydrosphere

IF* Approximately 70% of the Earth's surface is water 30% of the Earth's surface is Percentage of Earth's land Surface Covered by Water

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Lithosphere
Plants and vegetation are included in lithosphere. This crust contains minerals organic and inorganic matter and some extent water and air. Soil texture like fine, granular depend on the qualitative composition of soil particle size in the soil mass. Soil particles may be subdivided as sand, silt & clay. Soil classification is done on amount of various types of soil particles present in given soil mass. The arrangement of soil particles into aggregates is identified as soil structure.

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Biosphere
It is part consisting lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where organisms live and interact with one another. Life live in biosphere. The lives are also available in biosphere. Community of organism and its total environmental acting as an ecological unit is known as an ecosphere. These ecosphere are collectively known as biomes.

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Green House Effect

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Green House Effect

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Green House Effect

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Green House Effect

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Deforestation
The forest cover is rapidly destroyed due to population explosion urbanization and industrialization. This process of deforestation also adversely affect the forest wealth, wild life, atmospheric changes and enhanced desertification.

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
When Harmful Substances Contaminate the Environment it is Called Pollution Pollution refers to the very bad condition of Environment in terms of quantity and quality

Types of Pollution : Air pollution Water pollution Noise pollution Radio active pollution Land pollution
Yogesh,Hiren,Missam Mechanical. LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Acid Rain

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Acid Rain

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Acid Rain

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Acid Rain

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Food Chain

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Food Chain
The energy flow from one organism to the other is know as a food chain A food chain is simple and direct It involves one organizing at each trophic level Primary Consumers ebautotrophs (producers) - Secondary Consumers eat the primary consumers Tertiary Consumers eat the secondary consumers Decomposers bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Food Web
Most organisms eat more the JUST one organism When more organism are involved it is know as a FOOD WEB

Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic

Ecology And Environment

Food Web

Yogesh,Hiren,Missam

Mechanical.

LJ Polytechnic