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Elements and Compounds

Elements are materials made up of one type of atom only.

Hydrogen molecule contains two hydrogen atoms bonded together, so the formula is H2.

The water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, so the formula is H2O.

It follows that compounds contain two or more types of atom.

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Compounds: Water
Compounds are produced when elements combine. For example, water is produced in the following reaction.

Two water molecules react with one oxygen molecule to give water.

Word Equation
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water

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Compounds not mixtures

The atoms in compounds are NOT mixed together. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen would look like: They become bonded together during a chemical reaction. Because of this compounds have properties that are very different to the elements that they are made from.

+
HYDROGEN Flammable gas. OXYGEN Gas in which many substances burn.

WATER Liquid that extinguishes most fires.

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Compounds not mixtures

carbon

oxygen

carbon dioxide

Black solid used as barbecue fuel

Gas in which many substances burn

Gas used in fizzy drinks and fire extinguishers

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Naming Simple compounds.

It is easy to name simple compounds of metals and nonmetals. 1. Write down the name of the metal 2. Write down the name of the non-metal but change the ending to ide. magnesium 1) magnesium 2) oxygen = oxide
1) sodium 2) chlorine = sodium chloride

Element 1 copper silver calcium

Element 2 bromine sulphur oxygen

Name of compound
copper bromide
silver sulphide calcium oxide
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Naming Simple compounds.

Name the compound formed from these elements

Element 1
iron magnesium sodium tin aluminium nickel zinc lithium

Element 2 Name of compound

sulphur nitrogen chlorine oxygen bromine iodine sulphur nitrogen
iron sulphide magnesium nitride sodium chloride tin oxide aluminium bromide nickel iodide zinc sulphide lithium nitride
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Naming more complicated Compounds

Many compounds contain more than two elements. Naming them can get complicated but for those containing two elements plus oxygen the name ending usually changes to ate.
Element 1 nickel sodium copper aluminium Element 2 Element 3 Name of compound sulphur nitrogen sulphur bromine oxygen oxygen oxygen oxygen oxygen nickel sulphate magnesium nitrate
sodium nitrate copper sulphate

magnesium nitrogen

aluminium bromate

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The composition of compounds.

Compounds are very different to the elements from which they are made but there is another way in which compounds are different to mixtures. In a mixture you can add any amount of the ingredients. Compounds always contain a definite amount of each element. They have a fixed composition. This is not really surprising as looking at the word equations you will have seen they always have a definite number of element atoms joined together.
Na Cl O C O Mg O H O H
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The formula of compounds

This means that every compound can have a formula that tells us how many of each type of atom are present. We include small slightly dropped numbers if there are more of one atom than the other.
Water
One oxygen atom

Carbon dioxide
H O H O C O Two oxygen atoms

Two hydrogen atoms

Formula H2O

One carbon atom

Formula CO2
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Activity

The formula of compounds

What is the formulae of each of the compounds shown? (As with names, put the metal first.)
2. Lithium Oxide Li 1. Titanium oxide O Ti O
? titanium titanium atom 1 atom

Formula Formula

TiO2

? oxygen oxygen atoms 2 atoms

3. Aluminium chloride Cl Al Cl Cl
1?aluminium atom aluminium atom
? chlorine chlorine atoms 3 atoms

O
Li
lithium atoms atoms 2?lithium

Formula
Formula

Li? 2O

oxygen atom 1?oxygen atom

Formula Formula

AlCl3

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Activity

The formula of compounds

Cl Silicon chloride
1 silicon atom ? 4 chlorine atoms ?

What is the formulae of each of the compounds shown?

Cl Si Cl Cl
Formula Formula

SiCl4
Aluminium oxide O Al
Formula Formula

Manganese oxide O Mn O
1 atom ?manganese manganese atom Formula Formula

O Al

O
? 2 aluminium atom ? oxygen atoms 3

Al2O3

MnO2

2 atoms ? oxygen oxygen atoms

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Word Equations
Word equations can be used to describe any chemical change. (i.e. any process where the atoms become joined (bonded) in different ways). The steps are: 1. Write down the name of the reactant(s) linking them with a + sign if there is more than one. 2. Write down an arrow 3. Write down the names of the products linking them with a + sign if there is more than one

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Activity

Word Equations
Write out word equations for this reaction Lead reacts with oxygen to form lead oxide
Lead
Lead

oxygen

lead oxide
Lead oxide

Why is lead oxide so to mixed. both lead and oxygen? It different hasnt just It has reacted and atoms are joined differently.
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Activity

Word Equations
Write out word equations for the following reactions.
1. Limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
calcium carbonate calcium oxide +carbon dioxide

2. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to make magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

3. Methane is burnt to make carbon dioxide and water.

methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
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Mixtures
Mixtures are, as the name indicates, mixed rather than reacted together. This means that, unlike compounds: 1 They do not have to have any particular proportions of the various ingredients. 2 Their properties are often an average of the properties of their ingredients. (eg. a mixture of a black and white powder is grey!) 3 They are mixed, not bonded, and so are usually not too hard to separate back into their ingredients. (For example, it is easy to get salt from sea water.)

sea water: a mixture of salts and water

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Separating Mixtures
Immiscible liquids Immiscible means doesnt mix and so we are talking about mixtures like water with cooking oil or water with petrol. On a small scale you can simply remove the top layer using a pipette.

oil

water water
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oil

Separating Mixtures

Miscible liquids Miscible means does mix and so we are talking about mixtures like water and alcohol or petrol with kerosine. These are separated by boiling them as it is unlikely that they will boil at exactly the same temperature.

In order to get back the liquids we use a condenser. This is a tube that has cold water circulating through the outside. It cools down vapours and condenses them back to a liquid. Substances with low boiling points collect first, while those with higher boiling points collect later.

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Miscible liquids
Distillation Equipment thermometer

condenser

water in

water out
electric heater collection beaker

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Separations
How would you get this?

Mixture Glass and water Sea water

Wanted glass salt

Method
filter evaporate distil pipette distil

Sea water

water

Cooking oil & water cooking oil Alcohol and water alcohol

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Separation Experiment

John has been given a mixture of salt, sand and water. He needs to separate them but cannot remember how. Can you help him? Write an experimental plan for John to follow so that he can have the sand, salt and water in separate containers. Make sure you start off by telling him what equipment he will need. Then he will need a step by step plan that is easy to follow.
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Summary activities

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1. Which of these is a compound? A. B. C. D. bromine copper carbon dioxide uranium

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2. Which of these best describes a compound? A. B. C. D. Two or more atoms bonded together. Two or more elements mixed together. Two or elements bonded together. Two or more types of molecule mixed together.

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3. Which of these could best describe compounds? Substances that: A. are similar to the elements that they are made from. B. can be formed when elements react together. C. can be formed when elements decompose into two or more new substances. D. substances with symbols in the Periodic Table.

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4. What would be the name of a compound formed from sulphur, oxygen and zinc? A. B. C. D. sulphur zincide sulphur zincate zinc sulphide zinc sulphate

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5. What would be the formula of a compound containing two aluminium atoms for every three sulphur atoms?

A. Al2S3
C. Al2S3

B. Al3S2
D. Al3S2

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6. How would you separate a mixture of water and alcohol. (Two miscible liquids) A. B. C. D. filtering chromatography evaporation distillation

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7. What is the main technique you would use when separating a mixture of salt and sand? A. B. C. D. filtering chromatography evaporation distillation

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8.

Use the chromatogram to decide which dyes are in the ink.

D Ink

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