An acid is any substance that releases hydrogen ions, H+, into water.

Blue litmus paper turns red in the presence of hydrogen ions. Blue litmus is used to test for acids.

Acids have a sour taste; lemons, limes, and vinegar are acidic.

Strong Bases - ionize 100% NaOH KOH

Strong Acids - ionize 100% HCl HI HNO3 HBr H2SO4 HClO4 Weak Acids - partially ionize HF CH3COOH

A base is a substance that releases hydroxide ions, OH , into water. Red litmus paper turns blue in the presence of hydroxide ions. Red litmus is used to test for bases. Bases have a slippery, soapy feel. Bases also have a bitter taste; milk of magnesia is a base.

Chapter 15

Recall that an acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction. When an acid and a base react, water and a salt are produced.

For example, nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium nitrate and water:
HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Chapter 15

A pH value expresses the acidity or basicity of a solution. Most solutions have a pH between 0 and 14. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.
As a solution becomes more acidic, the pH decreases.

Basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.

As a solution becomes more basic, the pH increases.

Chapter 15

A solution can be classified according to its pH:

Strongly acidic solutions have a pH less than 2.

Weakly acidic solutions have a pH between 2 and 7.

Weakly basic solutions have a pH between 7 and 12. Strongly basic solutions have a pH greater than 12.

Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.

7

Recall, an acid neutralizes a base to produce a salt and water.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

The reaction produces the aqueous salt NaCl. If we have an acid with two hydrogens (sulfuric acid, H2SO4), we need two hydroxide ions to neutralize it.
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

Chapter 15

A solution that changes color as the pH changes is an acidbase indicator.

Three common indicators are methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein. Each has a different color above and below a certain pH.

Chapter 15

Shown below are the three indicators at different pH values

Methyl Red

Bromothymol Blue Phenolphthalein

Chapter 15

10

A titration is used to analyze an acid solution using a solution of a base. A measured volume of base is added to the acid solution. When all of the acid has been neutralized, the pH is 7. One extra drop of base solution after the endpoint increases the pH dramatically. When the pH increases above 7, phenolphthalein changes from colorless to pink indicating the endpoint of the titration.

Chapter 15

11

Recall that pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7, an acidic solution has a pH less than 7, and a basic solution has a pH greater than 7. The pH scale uses powers of ten to express the hydrogen ion concentration. Mathematically: pH = log[H+]
[H+] is the molar hydrogen ion concentration

12

pH is a measurement scale for acid concentration measurement pH = -log [H+] and pOH = -log [OH-] Calculate pH of a solution that is 0.00100 M Acid

A small amount of water ionizes by itself Water molecules are continually ionizing and then reforming H2O (l) <==> H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) Amount of H+ for neutral solution is 1 X 10-7 M

For an acidic [H+] = 1 X 10-5 M solution What is the pH?

What is pOH?

Kw = [H+] [OH-] -log Kw = -log ([H+] [OH-]) -log Kw = -log [H+] - log [OH-] -log Kw = pH + pOH pKw = pH + pOH 14 = pH + pOH

Acid - is a proton donor Base - is a proton acceptor Acid HCl donates a H+ to the solution Base NaOH donates OH- to solution with reacts with the H+

Weak acids and Weak bases do not ionize 100% in an aqueous solution Conjugate acid - base pair are two substances related to each other by the transfer of a proton NH3(aq) + H2O(l) => NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) NH3 and NH4+ are conjugate base and acid pair

H2CO3 is a weak acid and HCO3- is a weak base HF is a weak acid

Metals as acids