Where are they?

 Driven a car or landed safely in airplane ?

 The same goes for PDA,benifiting from complex
medical equipment, or consuming electricity from
our local power company.
 Embedded Systems are everywhere.

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 From the beginning…
 The Microprocessor application are classified in 2
categories:
1> Reprogrammable Systems
2> Embedded Systems.
 Reprogrammable System include general-purpose
Microprocessor

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 From the beginning…
 In Embedded systems, the Microprocessor is a part
of a final product.

 Typical Example…

Embedded System 4
 What is Embedded Sys.?
 An embedded system is some combination of
computer hardware and software
 Either fixed in capability or programmable
 Specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device.

Embedded System 5
 The fact about it…
 Experts do seem to agree on:
 “An embedded system is any software system
that must be designed on a platform different from
the platform on which the system is intended to be
deployed.”
 What is meant by platform?

Embedded System 6
 Embedded System
Performance
 What do we mean by performance?
 A maximally acceptable process time is rigidly
observed
 Need not be super fast
 How about simplicity?

Embedded System 7
 Embedded System
Performance
 What’s the objective of Embedded System?
- Smallest amount of code.
- Highest level of predictability.
 How could this possible?

Embedded System 8
 Review Of Embedded Sys.!
 Must be developed in a cross-development
environment
 Implement functions that provide an element of
control in an asynchronous world.
 Use the smallest amount of code to achieve the
greatest necessary speed and degree of
predictability possible.

Embedded System 9
 Target Platforms
 For the simplest target platforms -- platforms that
are inexpensive and consume minimal power
 Functions are typically written in C and then
"burned" into some Read Only Memory on an 8-bit
or 16-bit microprocessor.

Embedded System 10
 Target Platforms

 As the need for features increases it becomes more

important to have some sort of decision making
mechanism be part of the embedded system.
 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS).

Embedded System 11
 Target Platforms

 An RTOS runs your PDA.

 But why real-time system?
 In the embedded industry, "real-time" is used to
refer to a system that must compute a result,
based on certain inputs, in less than a maximally
acceptable time -- i.e., it must respond in real time.

Embedded System 12
 Examples of Embedded
System
 Home automation uses wired- and wireless-
networking
-lights, climate, security, audio/visual,etc
 Automobiles, electric vehicles. and hybrid
vehicles
 Other automotive safety systems such as anti-
lock braking system , Electronic Stability Control,
and automatic four-wheel drive.

Embedded System 13
 Summary
 Embedded systems are everywhere
 Key challenge: optimization of design metrics
Design metrics compete with one another
 A unified view of hardware and software is
necessary to improve productivity

Embedded System 14
Embedded System 15