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Revision (F4)

Biotic components
– living organisms
Abiotic
components – non-
living factors
Biotic components :
i. Producers
ii. Primary consumers
iii. Secondary
consumers
iv. Tertiary consumers
v. Decomposers
Decomposer
s
Abiotic factors :
i. pH
ii. Humidity
iii. Light intensity
iv. Temperature
v. Topography(physical
land features – altitude,
gradient)
vi. Microclimate
Interactions
i. Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
ii. Saprophytism
iii. Prey-predator
iv. Competition
Epiphyte
s
Epizoic
Lichen (alga & fungus) – alga
gets shelter, water, mineral salts and
nitrogenous compounds. Fungus gets
oxygen and food
Rhizobium sp. Convert nitrogen into
ammonium compounds; plants provide the
bacteria with energy rich organic
compounds.
An ecosystem –
a community of living
organisms interacting
with one another and
non living organism.
Habitat – the
natural environment
which an organism
lives
Species – a group of
organisms that look
alike and have
similar
characteristics, share
the same niche and
capable of
Population – a group of
organisms of the same
species living in the
same habitat.
Community – a natural
collection of plant and
animal species living
within a habitat
Niche – the role the
organisms play in an
ecosystem.
* its habitat, interaction
with other organisms,
type of food consumed
Colonisation &
Succession
Colonisation – a process
whereby plants or
animals have
successfully
invaded/occupied a new
habitat.
Pioneer species – the
first colonisers; typically
hard plants – grass &
ferns
Cabomb
a
Successor species –
i) Aquatic floating plants –
Pistia, Lemna
ii) Emergent (amphibious)
plant – Fimbristylis, Scirpus,
Cyperus
iii) Land plants
Pistia –Water lettuce
Lemna
Fimbristylis
Scirpus
Dominant species –
species that grow faster
and dominate the slower
growing pioneer &
successor sp.
Succession – the gradual
process where one
community changes its
environment so that it is
replaced by another
community
Climax community – a
stable and mature
community
Mangrove
swamp
Avicennia
sp.
Sonneratia
sp.
Rhizophora sp.
Bruguiera
sp.
Population Ecology
i) Quadrat sampling
technique
Frequency
Density
Percentage coverage
ii) Capture, mark,
release and recapture
Classification
a) Monera (bacteria &
cynobacteria - blue green
algae)
b) Protista (algae &
protozoa)
c) Fungi
d) Plantae
Hierarchy
Microorganisms
Bacteria
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Abiotic components that
affect the activity of
organisms
Nutrients & water
pH
Temperature
Light intensity
Atmospheric nitrogen - cannot
be absorbed directly by plants.
Plants can use nitrogen in the form
of ammonium, nitrite or nitrate
ions.
Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Nostoc
sp.) & Rhizobium sp. can assimilate
atmospheric nitrogen into
ammonium compounds - nitrogen
fixation.
Nitrates – taken up by roots –
converted into plant proteins.
Wastes, dead plants & animals
– decomposed – converted into
ammonium compounds.
Then converted into nitrites &
nitrates by nitrifying bacteria
– nitrification.
Denitrifying bacteria – break
down nitrates back to nitrogen
& oxygen – bacteria use oxygen
– nitrogen released to the
atmosphere.
Photoautotro
ph
Chemoautotrop
h
Pitcher plant
(Holozoic –carnivorous
plant)
Venus flytraps – Holozoic
Parasit
e
Saprophyte – feed on
dead/decaying organic
matter
Xeropthalmia – cornea
becomes dry and opaque (lack
of vit. A)
Rickets (lack of vit. D/calcium)
Osteoporosi
s
Muscular
dystroph
y
Beri
beri
Pellagr
a
Scurvy
Goitre
Cretinism - stunted mentally and
physically (prolonged lack of
iodine)
Cleft
lip/palate
Obes
Kwarshiorko
r
Marasmu
s
Gastritis –
epithilial of stomach becomes
inflamed
Anorexia
nervosa
Small
intestine
(26cm)

(2.5m
)
(3.5
Absorption & Assimilation
Lacteal – absorbs fat
soluble vitamins
(A,D,E,K), fatty acids
& glycerol

Blood capillaries –
absorbs glucose,
a.acids, vit. B & C
Blood capillaries hepatic
portal vein liver – then
filter & process hepatic
vein heart all body parts
Lacteal lymph vessels
thoracic duct subclavian
veins blood circulation
Large
intestin
e
Large intestine
-about 1.5m
-absorb water from the remaining
indigestible food matter, and then
pass useless waste material (faeces)
-absorb vitamins (vit K & B)produced
by bacteria (700 different species of
bacteria – good and bad)
-bacteria produce gas (flatus)
Macronutrients &
Micronutrients in
plants
Chlorosis-nitrogen
deficiency
Phosphorus
deficiency
Calcium
deficiency
Mg deficiency
Photosynthesis – take place in the
chloroplast

Light reaction (occurs in grana;


splitting up water molecules –
photolysis of water)
Dark reaction (occurs in stroma;
fixation of carbon dioxide)
Light reaction
- occurs in the grana (contained
chlorophyll)
- take place in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll
- chlorophyll absorbs light; then it becomes
activated and this energy is used to :
i) produce energy in the form of – ATP
(used for dark reaction)
ii) split up water molecules (photolysis)
into hydroxyl ions(OH-) and hydrogen
ions (H+)
Dark reaction (Light independent
reaction)
-take place in the stroma
-ATP combined with hydrogen atoms
(from the light reaction) are used to
reduce carbon dioxide to form glucose.

Glucose produced –
i) converted to starch (stored),
ii) transformed sucrose ; transported to other
parts
6H2O + 6CO2 ----- C6H12O6 + 6O2
light
+ 6H2O
chlorophyl
l
Explain the
process of
Photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplast.
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 stages.
The light reaction and the dark reaction.
Light reaction occurs in the grana of the
chloroplast.
Light is absorbed by chlorophyll. Then it
excites the electron in the chlorophyll.
Electrons go through a transfer system
and produce ATP.
Light energy also split water molecules
into hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions
(photolysis of water).
Dark reaction occurs in the stroma
of the chloroplast without the
presence of sunlight.
ATP and hydrogen (from photolysis
of water) are used to reduce
carbon dioxide into glucose.
Glucose produced will be converted
to starch and stored or transformed
into sucrose and transported or
used for synthesis of cellulose or
converted to amino acids and fatty
acids.
Factors affecting
photosynthesis
i. Light intensity
ii. Carbon dioxide
concentration
iii. Temperature
Aerobic – production of
energy in the presence of
oxygen

Anaerobic – breakdown
of glucose to produce
energy in the absence of
oxygen
Glucose + oxygen
Carbon dioxide + water +
energy
(2898kJ)
In muscles
Glucose Lactic acid + energy

(150kJ)
Fermentation
zymase
Glucose Ethanol + carbon
dioxide + energy
(210kJ)
Oxygen + Haemoglobin
Oxyhaemoglobin

Oxyhaemoglobin
haemoglobin + oxygen
Carbon dioxide + water
Carbonic acid Bicarbonate ion +
Hydrogen ion

CO2 + H20 H2CO3 HCO3- + H+


(majority)

Haemoglobin + Carbon dioxide


Carbaminohaemoglobin

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