19/12/2013

TITRE PRESENTATION

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF POWER SYSTEMS

Ronnie Belmans
Stijn Cole Dirk Van Hertem
2

OVERVIEW

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1: Liberalization 2: Players, Functions and Tasks 3: Markets 4: Present generation park 5: Future generation park 6: Introduction to power systems 7: Power system analysis and control 8: Power system dynamics and security 9: Future grid technologies: FACTS and HVDC 10: Distributed generation
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PRESENTATION TITLE

OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEMS

Power systems

Grid structure Grid elements New investments in the grid

Tasks of the TSO Grid operation issues

THE GRID OF TODAY Transmission network

To transport the electric power from the point of generation to the load centers All above a certain voltage

(Subtransmission) Distribution network

To distribute the electric power among the consumers Below a certain voltage

 Transmission system Higher voltage (typical at least 110 kV and higher) Power injection by generation and import, large

STRUCTURE OF THE POWER GRID WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?

consumers Interconnected internationally Meshed nature-Redundancy (Subtransmission system) Between transmission system and distribution system Connection of large industrial users and cities Open loop/partly meshed Distribution system 400 V to some ten of kV Industry, commercial and residential areas Radial

INDUSTRIAL NETWORK (HAASRODE)

Transformer: 70 kV/10kV, 20 MVA

UCTE

EXAMPLE: MAP OF THE IBERIAN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

TRANSPORT OF ELECTRIC POWER

Electric power P [MW]

Alternating current S [MVA] Increase current I
Larger conductor cross-section

P or S = U * I

Two ways to increase the transported power

Increase voltage U
More insulation

Two ways to transport electricity

Alternating current (AC) Direct current (DC)

PROBLEM FACED BY ELECTRICITY PIONEERS AC OR DC?

Direct Current DC
Generator built by W. von Siemens and Z.Gramme
Low line voltage, and consequently limitation to size of the system

Alternating current AC
Introduced by Nikola Tesla and Westinghouse
Transformer invented by Tesla allows increasing the line voltage Allows transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances

TRANSFORMER

AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Frequency of 50 or 60Hz

Current changes direction 100 or 120 times a sec Active AND reactive power in the same line

3 phase system Line voltages can be easily and economically transformed up and down AC current does not use the whole conductor
Skin effect
AC conductors have larger diameters than adequate DC

SWITCHYARD

DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Only active power Current flows in one direction Conductor cross-sections fully used Low transmission losses Requires DC-AC converters to control the voltage level Expensive Switching of higher voltage DC more difficult

AC VS DC

Advantages of AC

Advantages of DC

Cheaper transformation between voltages Easy to switch off Less equipment needed Known and reliable technology More economical in general Rotating field

Long distance transmission

Higher investment costs offset by lower losses

Undersea and underground transmission

on 1000 km line, 5% for DC opposed to 20% for AC

Connection of separate power systems

No reactive power problem

COST OF TRANSMISSION LINE FUNCTION OF VOLTAGE LEVEL

LINES AND CABLES

Overhead transmission lines

Economical
However, visual pollution

Widely used in transmission over large distances

Underground cables
More expensive than lines
5 to 25 times higher capital costs for 380kV

Underground, thus invisible to the public

Ground above the cable can be still used However, maintenance costs are significant

Widely used in urban areas

OVERHEAD LINE

TRANSMISSION CAPACITY UPGRADE

AC overhead
New line Refurbishing New conductor types

Evaluation: different points of view

Technical Economical Regulatory Environmental

AC underground
Conventional cables GILs HTS

OVERHEAD AC TRANSMISSION NEW LINE

Advantages
Widely used in transmission over large distances Most economical (especially in rural areas) Well-known technology

Best choice from techno-economic point of view

Classic approach to network reinforcement

OVERHEAD AC TRANSMISSION NEW LINE

Environmental aspects
Visual impact Vegetation Population Town planning Cultural heritage Natural site and landscape

OVERHEAD AC TRANSMISSION NEW LINE

Social and political issues

Concern about health effects Not popular heavy resistance
NIMBY NIMTO BANANA CAVE NOPE

Regulatory
Permit process up to 15 years

OVERHEAD AC TRANSMISSION NEW LINE

Conclusion

Best from technoeconomic point of view Worst from environmental, social & political point of view Very difficult to construct new lines in industrialized countries

alternatives needed!

OVERHEAD AC TRANSMISSION ADDING/REPLACING CONDUCTORS

Increased ampacity
Without supplementary environmental impact Within existing right-of-way

Equip second circuit

No new towers needed cost effective

Heavier conductors
Tower and foundation modifications may be needed very high cost

new conductor types

OVERHEAD AC TRANSMISSION NEW CONDUCTOR TYPES

Material properties
Composite core Surrounded by aluminium(-zirconium) Increased strenght and reduced weight Increased ampacity

Economics

Significantly higher cost No tower modifications needed Outdated standards state maximum conductor temperature independent of conductor type New technology limited experience e.g.: no data on expected lifetime available Higher operating temp losses increase

Regulatory

Other drawbacks

AC CABLES

AC cables vs. overhead lines

Technical
Almost no maintenance needed Repair more difficult Technical difficulties at high voltages Limited distance

Economical
5 to 25 times higher capital costs (/MVA) Although cost differences have narrowed Repair costs are significant

AC CABLES
AC cables vs. overhead lines
Environmental
Invisibility Dangers: oil spill, poisonous SF6 arcing by-products

Social & political

Less right-of-way needed Permitting takes less time Less concern for health risks (although electromagnetic fields are higher) Ground above the cable can still be used

Widely used in urban areas

AC CABLES

Classic
Paper insulated, oil-filled XLPE

New types
Higher voltages Lower losses More expensive

AC CABLES NEW TYPES

Gas Insulated Cables (SF6)

Higher voltages due to better insulation Suited to bulk transmission C lower suitable for long distances Complex placement (many joints) Arcing by-products hazardous for environment Considered for future tunnel connections (e.g. in the Alps)

Temperature protection
Operating very close to limits Belgium: Tihange - Avernas

AC CABLES NEW TYPES

High Temperature Superconducting

No conduction losses at cryogenic temperatures Cooling losses Cooling and cooling equipment expensive Reduced dimensions Environmentally friendly Could prove economic for specific cases R&D needed

AC CABLES VS DC CABLES

Source: ABB

CABLES

TASKS OF THE TSO

Transmission System Operator TSO Operates the grid

Constant monitoring of system conditions Frequency control (active power) Voltage management (reactive power)

Administrates the settlement of unbalances

Access Responsible Parties (ARP) need to balance their productions and consumption
TSO takes actions if ARP deviates from the schedule TSO charges the ARP for the incurred costs

To keep the lights on

ARP
Production Import/ Export

~
Grids

~
ARP1 ARPN

~
I/E

I/E

Consumer

FREQUENCY CONTROL

TASKS OF THE TSO Frequency control Primary frequency control

Compensate for short-term unbalances at local level Stabilize frequency within acceptable range around set point

Secondary and tertiary frequency control

Control the load-generation balance at the programmed export-import Contribute to bringing the frequency back to its set point Relieve the primary control reserve after an incident

Scheduled (set point) frequency (time control)

Laufenburg control centre in Switzerland To account for the Synchronous Time deviations
50.01 or 49.99 Hz for the whole day

TASKS OF THE TSO

Reactive power management and voltage control Primary voltage control

Excitation of generators Capacitors SVCs (Static Var Compensators)

Secondary voltage control

Zonal coordination of the voltage and reactive power control Maintains the required voltage level at a key node

Tertiary voltage control

Optimization of the reactive power distribution

TASKS OF THE TSO

Constant monitoring of system conditions

State estimation
To get best possible picture of system conditions
Find a best-fit load flow Based on metered values (imperfect measurements)

Contingency analysis
N-1 security rule
One accident cannot bring the system in danger Redundancy

FROM NATIONAL TO INTERNATIONAL GRID

SYNCHRONOUS AREAS IN EUROPE

UCTE
Established in 1951 as UCPTE, 9 control zones, currently 27

23 countries, 33 TSOs, 620 GW installed capacity, 295 TWh exchanges Full synchronous operation of its members in 1958 absorbed many smaller initiatives along the way 450 mln. people, annual electricity consumption 2500 TWh.
CENTREL, SUDEL, COMELEC

Nordel
UK

UKTSOA ATSOI

F,SWE,NO,DK (part)

UPS/IPS

Ireland Ex Commonwealth of Independent States

SYNCHRONOUS AREAS (1) WHY CREATE SYNCHRONOUS AREAS ? Increase grid reliability and mutual support
Improved system frequency control to minimize major disturbances Mutual support in case of emergencies Sharing reserve capacities

Facilitate functioning of the electricity market

non-discriminatory domestic and cross-border access to the grid No need for synchronous area as such, also possible with dc links

Example of direct benefits

Zone of 15 GW production capacity loses its largest unit 1 GW
Isolated: needs to develop 1 GW in less than 5s to avoid collapse As a part of UCTE it needs to develop its share of the two largest UCTE unit, and thus x% of 3GW, in 15-30s.

SYNCHRONOUS AREAS (2) CHALLENGES

Coordination and control of the power flows

Interdependency of power flows Interconnected systems share benefits and problems

Problems on top of the above

Often different standards applied in control zones

TECHNICAL STANDARDS DIFFERENCES

Exact same line can have different capacities
Different interpretation of frequency control Different operational standards

Source: IAEW

SYNCHRONOUS AREAS (3) OPERATIONAL HANDBOOK (UCTE)

Stronger interconnections require common and consistent understanding of grid operation and control and security in terms of fixed technical standards and procedures
Result of discussion between all TSOs involved Successor of past technical and organizational rules and recommendations Unification and formalization of standards To make the best possible use of benefits of interconnected operation To keep the quality standards in the market environment
Operation handbook: http://www.ucte.org/publications/ophandbook/

CROSS-BORDER POWER FLOWS IN EUROPEAN GRID

Typical power flow pattern

Countries structurally exporting or importing

However
Unstable production strongly influences the pattern
Wind generation

Restrictions consist typically of several lines

What matters for the grid are individual lines flows! This differs considerably from the physical border capacity

UCTE PHYSICAL ENERGY EXCHANGES 2004 [GWH]

LEVEL OF CONGESTION BETWEEN EU MEMBER STATES

Source: DG COMP

FRANCO-BELGIAN BORDER 2001

Unexpected flows not just ONE TIME event More like a permanent thing

WIND POWER IS A PROBLEM Large wind parks problematic for the network
Unstable dispatch within a zone
Will there be wind? Not too much?

Unstable loop flows

Benelux case
Positive correlation between loop flows and wind in Germany
Up to 0.4

Loop flows almost entirely through BE and NL

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PHASE SHIFTER INVESTMENTS IN THE BENELUX IN ORDER ALLOW POWER FLOW CONTROL 1. Meeden (Nl) 1 2. Gronau (D) 3. Kinrooi (B) 4. Kinrooi (B) 2 5. Zandvliet (B) 6. Monceau (B)

HOW DANGEROUS CAN UNEXPECTED FLOWS BE?

Unannounced wind power in the north Germany Actual event - Monday 27 Oct. 2003, 18h00 20h00 Very heavily loaded D-NL border 4550 MW total physical flows in the direction of NL
2380 MW more than scheduled

Loss of N-1 security on 2 cross-border lines Loss of N-1 security on phase shifting transformer

UNANNOUNCED WIND POWER IN THE NORTH D

- 980 - 1017
ELIA

- 3068SCHEDULED

POWER EXCHANGES
CENTREL D
RWE
SEPS MVM H

798

NL
TENNET

2169 2150

- 2967

PSE
PSE PL CEPS CZ

South GB

1815

North

+3903
RTE 752

SK

+3126

- 504 - 426

4669 118

+3846

1525
DC link

A
120

APG

575

E
REE

646

CH
+2614 ETRANS +2560

+677

3022

I P
REN

1704

- 5380
TERNA

481

ELES SLO

ELES
BiH

- 452

HEP HR

401

UNANNOUNCED WIND POWER IN THE NORTH D

- 980 - 1017
ELIA

SCHEDULED POWER EXCHANGES VS PHYSICAL - 3068 POWER FLOWS

798 1485

NL
TENNET

2169 4553

CENTREL D
RWE

- 2967

1815

505

North South GB

2150 1421

PSE
PSE PL CEPS CZ

SEPS SK

MVM H

+3903
RTE 752

+3126

- 504 - 426

4669 342 118

+3846

1189

1525
DC link

A
120

APG

575

E
REE

646 846

CH
+2614 ETRANS +2560

+677

28 401 481
ELES SLO

3022

I P
REN

2875

1704 1267

- 5380
TERNA

ELES
BiH

- 452

HEP HR

UNANNOUNCED WIND POWER IN THE NORTH D

B
ELIA

2283

NL

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PROGRAMMED FLOWS

2384 729
PSE PL CZ

CENTREL
CEPS

North South

2320

TENNET

D
RWE

SEPS SK

MVM H

F
RTE

4327
1307

PSE

A
APG

CH E
REE

1492

ETRANS

92 147

I P
REN

ELES SLO

437

ELES
BiH

TERNA

HEP HR

CUMULATIVE WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY 2005

WIND POWER INSTALLED IN EUROPE BY END OF 2005

SHARE OF DAILY WIND POWER IN RESPECTIVE DAILY PEAK DEMAND IN E.ON-GRID (GERMANY).

CONCLUSIONS

Grid operation becomes more complex Due to the market based flows Caused by wind energy Controlling frequency and voltage by active and reactive power