COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

1. The Vapor Pressure of Solutions

Depression = Penurunan Tekanan Uap
Jenuh Larutan
Vapor pressure is pressure when a liquid and
its vapor is in the reversible state.

Francois M. Raoult (1830-1901) did the

research on this field, and he stated:”The
decrease of vapor pressure equals to the ratio
of the number mole of solute and total number
of moles in the solution”
Solution SBI 2008 8
po - ps n
= Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
po n+N

po = vapor pressure of pure liquid

ps = vapor pressure of solution
n = number of moles of solute
N = number of moles of solvent

This formula can also be expressed as:

p = po . X

p = vapor pressure decrease (po - ps)

X = mole fraction of solute Solution SBI 2008 9
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
The Raoult law can not be used for electrolyte
solution. For electrolyte solution we must
consider the factor i which is the ionization
factor. The value of i is:
i = (1 + (n-1)α); i = van’t Hoff factor
n = the number of ions produced
α = degree of ionization

For example: HCl ionized as HCl  H+ + Cl-,

number of n is 2, if α is 1 then; i = (1 + (2-1)
1)=2
α For strong electrolyte close to 1 Solution
(~1), but
SBIweak
2008 10
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
- There are three type of electrolytes:
1. Strong electrolyte: it can be dissolved perfectly in
water. Examples of this are salts, strong base and
acid; such as: NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, ZnSO4, HCl, CuSO4 ,
H2SO4, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, HCl etc

2. Weak electrolyte: only part of it dissolves in water.

Examples of this are weak base and weak acid,
such as: acetic acid (CH3COOH), ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH), cyanide acid (HCN)

3. Non electrolyte: the substance that can not conduct

an electric current. Example of this is many of
organic compound; such as sugar (C12H22O11),
glucose (C6H12O6), benzene (C6H6) etc.
Solution SBI 2008 11
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
Example: Determine the vapor pressure of sugar
solution 34.2% at 20°C (vapor pressure of
water is 17.512 mmHg) ! (Mr sugar 342,
water=18)
Answer:
1. We must find the mole fraction of sugar solution
Assume the mass of solution is 100 g, so the mass
of sugar based on the mass percent is:
Sugar mass = (34.2%/100%) x 100 g = 34.2 g
Mass of water is = 100 g – mass of sugar
= 100 g – 34.2 g
= 65.8 g Solution SBI 2008 12
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
Calculate mole of each component
Mole of sugar= (34.2 g/342 g/mole) x 1 mole =
0.1 mole
Mole of water= (65.8 g/18 g/mole) x 1 mole = 3.7
moles
Mole fraction (X) sugar= 0.1/(0.1 + 3.7) = 0.0263
So, the decrease of vapor pressure is
∆p = po x Xsugar = 17.512 x 0.0263
= 0.4606 mmHg
So the pressure of solution is: po - ∆p = 17.512 –
0.4606
Solution SBI 2008 13
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
Question 1.
Calculate the vapor pressure of solution of 19.6 g
H2SO4 (Mr 98) and 90 g of water! The pressure
of water in this condition is 74.1 mmHg and α
H2SO4 is 0.89
Answer:
Calculate mole of each components
Mole H2SO4 = 19.6/98 = 0.2
Mole H2O = 90/18 = 5
X H2SO4 = 0.2/5.2 = 0.038
H2SO4  2H+ + SO42- Solution SBI 2008 14
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
the number of ions = 3; I = (1 + (3-1).0.89) =
2.78
∆p = po x X x i
= 74.1 x 0.038 x 2.78
= 7.923

The pressure of the solution = 74.1 – 7.923

= 66.177

Solution SBI 2008 14

 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
2. Boiling Point Elevation (Kenaikan titik didih)
Boiling point of a liquid (Tb) is temperature when
the vapor pressure of the liquid equal to
surround pressure.
Raoult formulated this phenomena as:
∆Tb = Kb . m
∆Tb = Boiling Point Elevation Change
Kb = molal boiling point constant (°C/mole)
m = molality
For electrolyte solution: ∆Tb = Kb . m . i
The value of Kb depends on the solvent used.
Solution SBI 2008 14
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
To calculate the boiling point of the solution (T) is
then=
The boiling point of the solvent + ∆Tb
Example 1: Calculate the boiling point of solution
made of 12.4 g of ethylenglicol (C2H6O2) and
400 g of water! Kb of water 0.52 °C/mole
Answer: calculate the m of the solution
m = (12.4/62) x (1000/400) = 0.5
Raoult formulated this phenomena as:
∆Tb = Kb . m = 0.52 °C/mole x 0.5 = 0.26°C
So the solution will boil at = 100 + 0.26° =
Solution SBI 2008 15
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
Question 2:
A chemical substance wants to be determined its
molecular relative mass. 10 g of this substance
is dissolved in 500 g of water. If Kb of water is
0.52 °C/mole, then the solution boils at
100.1733°C.

Question 3. 10.125 g of HBr (Mr 81 g/mole) is

dissolved in 250 g of water. The solution boils
at 100.4628°C. If Kb of water is 0.52 °C/mole,
determine the α of HBr!
Solution SBI 2008 16
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
3. Freezing Point Depression (Penurunan titik
beku)
Freezing point (Tf) is temperature when liquid
phase and solid phase is in equilibrium.
Raoult formulated this phenomena as:
∆Tf = Kf . m
∆Tf = Freezing Point Depression Change
Kf = molal feezing point constant (°C/mole)
m = molality
For electrolyte solution: ∆Tf = Kf . m . i
The value of Kf depends on the solvent used.
Solution SBI 2008 17
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
To calculate the freezing point of the solution (T)
is then= The feezing point of the solvent + ∆Tf

Example 1. Determine a freezing point of solution

composed of 45 g of glucose (Mr 180) in 2000
g of water (Kf water is 1.86 °C/mole)

Answer: calculate m of the glucose solution

m = (45/180) x (1000/2000) = 0.125
Wit Raoult formula :
∆Tf = Kf . M = 1.86 x 0.125 = 0.2325 °C
The freezing point is then = 0 – 0.2325 = -.2325°C
Solution SBI 2008 18
 Colligative Properties(Cont’d)
Question 4
5 g of non electrolyte soultion in 1000 g of water
(Kf water is 1.86 °C/mole) freeze at -0.202°C.
Calculate the Mr of this non electrolyte.

Question 5.
29.4 g of H3PO4 (assume α as 0.78) dissolves in
600 g of water. In what temperature this
solution will freeze?

Solution SBI 2008 19