FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (mid-

1800)
 Developed and described the first
theory of Nursing. Notes on Nursing:
what it is, What it is not. She focused on
changing and manipulating the
environment in order to put the patient in
the best possible conditions for Nature to
act.
 She believed that in the nurturing
environment, the body could repair
itself. client’s environment is
manipulated to include
 Pure or fresh air
 Pure water
 Sufficient food supplies
 Efficient drainage
 Cleanliness
 Light (especially direct sunlight)
 Florence Nightingale
 She is considered as the
founder of educated and
scientific nursing and
widely known as "The
Lady with the Lamp"
 Nursing "is an act of
utilizing the environment
of the patient to assist
him in his recovery"
The Florence Nightingale Pledge
 I solemnly pledge myself before
God and in the presence of this
assembly, to pass my life in
purity and to practice my
profession faithfully. I will
abstain from whatever is
deleterious and mischievous,
and will not take or knowingly
administer any harmful drug. I
will do all in my power to
maintain and elevate the
standard of my profession, and
will hold in confidence all
personal matters committed to
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
(1955)
 Introduced the nature
of Nursing Model.
She identified fourteen
basic needs. She
postulated that the
unique function of the
nurse is to assist the
clients, sick or well, in
the performance of
those activities
contributing to healthier
its recovery. The clients
would perform unaided
if they had the necessary
 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
 HUMANS
 Physiological
 1. Breath normally
 2. Eat and drink adequately
 3. Eliminate body wastes
 4. Move and maintain desirable postures
 5. Sleep and rest
 6.Select suitable clothes - dress and undress
 7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying
 the environment.
 8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument.
 9.Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
 10.Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
 14.Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health
 and use the available health facilities.
 Spiritual
 11.Worship according to one’s faith.
 Sociological
 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
 Psychological
 FAYE ABDELLAH
(1960)
 Introduced patient-centered
approaches to Nursing
Model. She identified twenty-
one nursing problems. She
define nursing as service to
individuals and families;
therefore to society.
Furthermore she conceptualized
nursing as an art and a science
that molds the attitudes,
intellectual competencies and
technical skills of the individual
nurse into the desire and ability
to help people, sick or well, and
cope with their health needs.
21 NURSING PROBLEMS
DOROTHY E. JOHNSON (1960-
1980)
 Conceptualized
the behavioral
system Model .
According to her
each person as a
behavioral system
is composed of 7
subsystems .
 SEVEN SUBSYSTEM
1. Ingestive – taking in nourishment in
socially and culturally acceptable ways.
2. Eliminative – riddling the body of
waste in socially culturally acceptable
ways.
3. Affiliative – security seeking behavior
4. Aggressive - self-protective behavior.
5. Dependence – Nurturance-seeking
behavior
6. Achievement – Master of oneself and
 IMOGENE KING
(1971-1981)
 Postulated the Goal
Attainment Theory. She
described nursing as a
helping profession that
assists individuals and groups
in society to attain, maintain,
and restore health. If this is
not possible, nurses help
individuals die with dignity.
 And she viewed nursing as an
interaction process between
client and nurse whereby
during perceiving, setting
goals and acting on them,
MADELEINE LEININGER (1978-
1984)
 Developed the
transcultural
nursing model. She
advocated that nursing
is a humanistic and
scientific mode of
helping a client
through specific
cultural caring
processes to improve
MYRA LEVIN
(1973)

 Described the four

conservation
principles.
1. Conservation of energy. The human body
functions by utilizing energy. The human body
needs energy producing input (food, oxygen,
fluids) to allow energy utilization as output.
2. Conservation of structural integrity. The
human body has physical boundaries (Skin and
Mucous membrane) that must be maintained to
facilitate health and prevent harmful agents from
entering the body..
3. conservation of personal integrity. The
nursing intervention are based on the
conservation of the individual client’s
personality. Every individual has a sense of
identity, self worth and self esteem, which must
be preserved and enhanced by nurses.
4. Conservation of Social Integrity – the social
integrity of the client reflects the family and the
 BETTY NEUMAN
(1982, 1989, 1992)
 Proposed the health
care system
Model. She asserted
that nursing is a
unique profession in
that it is concerned
with all the variables
affecting an
individuals response
to stresses, which an
intra (within the
individual) inter
(between one or
more other people)
DOROTHEA OREM
(1970, 1985)
 Developed the self care
and self care deficit
theory. She defined self
care as “the practice of
activities that individuals
initiate and perform on
their own behalf in
maintaining life, health
and well being.” She
conceptualized 3 nursing
systems as follows:
 THREE NURSING SYSTEMS
1. Wholly Compensatory: when the
nurse is expected to accomplish on the
patient’s therapeutic self-care or to
compensate for the patient’s inability to
engage in self care or when the patient
needs continuous guidance in self care;
2. Partially Compensatory: When both
nurse and patient engage in meeting self
care needs.
3. Supportive-Educative – the system
that requires assistance in decision
HILDEGARD PEPLAU (1952)
 Introduced the
interpersonal
model. She
identified four
phases of the
nurse client
relationship
namely:
 4 PHASES OF NURSE
-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
1. Orientation – the nurse and the client
initially do not know each other’s goals
and testing the role each will assume. The
clients attempts to identified difficulties
and the amount of nursing help that is
needed.
2. Identification – the client responds to
the professionals or the significant others
who can meet the identified needs.
3. Exploitation – the client utilizes all
available resources to move toward a goal
of maximum health or functionality;
MARTHA ROGERS
(1970)
 Conceptualized
the Science of
Unitary Human
Beings. To
Rogers, unitary
man is an energy
field in constant
interaction with
the environment.
 MARTHA ROGERS
 She asserted that human beings are more
than and different from the sum of their
parts; the distinctive properties of the
whole are significantly different from those
of its parts.
 Furthermore, she believed that human
being is characterized by the capacity for
abstraction and imagery, language and
thought, sensation and emotion.
 SISTER CALLISTA ROY (1979
– 1984)
 Presented the adaptation
model. She viewed each person
as a unified biophysical system
in constant interaction with a
changing environment. She
contended that the person as an
adaptive system, functions as a
whole through interdependence
of its parts. The system consists
of input, control processes,
output and feedback. She
advocated that all people have
certain needs which they
endeavor to meet in order to
maintain integrity. These needs
LYDIA HALL
(1962)
 Introduced the model in
nursing: What is it? Focusing
on the notion that centers
around three components of
CARE, CORE and CURE. Care
represents nurturance and is
exclusive to nursing. Core
involves the therapeutic use of
self and emphasizes the use of
reflection. Cure focuses on
nursing related to the
physician’s orders. Core and
 IDA JEAN ORLANDO
(1961)
 Conceptualized the dynamic
nurse-patient relationship
model. She believed that the
nurse helps patients meet a
perceived need that the
patients cannot meet for
themselves. She indicated that
nursing actions can be
automatic (those chosen for
reasons other than the
immediate need for help) or
deliberative (those resulting
from validating the need for
help, exploring the meaning of
the need, and validating
 ERNESTINE WEIDENBACH
(1964)
 Developed the clinical
nursing a helping art
model. She advocated that
the nurse’s individual
philosophy or central
purpose lends credence to
nursing care. She believed
that nurses meet the
individual’s need for help
through the identification
of the needs,
administration of help,
and validation that actions
 JEAN WATSON
(1979-1985)

 Conceptualized the human caring model

(Nursing: Human science and Human
Care). She emphasized that nursing is the
application of the art and human science
through transpersonal caring transactions
to help persons achieve mind-body-soul
harmony, which generates self-knowledge,
self control, self-care and self healing.
 ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
(1981, 1987, 1992 )
 introduced the
theory of human
becoming. She
emphasized free
choice of personal
meaning in relating
value priorities, co-
creating of
rhythmical patterns,
in exchange with the
environment, and
 JOYCE TRAVEL BEE (1966-
1971)
 she postulated the interpersonal aspects of
nursing model. She advocated that the
goal of nursing is to assist individual or
family in preventing or coping with illness,
regaining health, finding meaning in
illness, or maintaining maximal degree of
health.
 JOSEPHINE PETERSON
and
LORETTA ZDERAD
(1976)
 provided the humanistic nursing practice
theory. This is based on their belief that
nursing is an existential experience.
Nursing is viewed as a lived dialogue that
involves the coming together of the nurse
and the person to be nursed. The essential
characteristic of nursing is nurturance.
Humanistic care cannot take place without
the authentic commitment of the nurse to
being with and the doing with the client.
Humanistic nursing also presupposes
responsible choices.
HELEN ERICKSON, EVELYN TOMLIN and
MARY ANN SWAIN
(1983)
 developed modeling and role modeling
theory. The focus of this theory is on the
person. The nurse models (assesses), role
models (plans), and intervenes in this
interpersonal and interactive theory.
 MARGARET NEWMAN
 focused on health as
expanding
consciousness. She
defined
consciousness as the
info. Capability of the
system which is
influenced by time,
space and movement
and is ever-
expanding.