India Infrastructure Report 2011

Water: Policy and Performance for Sustainable Development.

2012 E11 Karthik Madhavan

MBA, Batch of 2012-2014 Symbiosis Centre for Management & Human Resource Development

To present the existing water policies and its issues and how we can improve the same for a sustainable development.

Objective

Overview Macro Irrigation Rainwater Harvesting Transforming Water Utilities PPP

2

Water in Cities Reforms Industrial Water Demand Pollution Recycling and Reuse Sector Reforms

Overview
Strategic vision :
Water Resource Planning and Development Empowerment of Local Institutions and Citizens A Sound Legal Framework Better management of Water Resources

Water Consumers Agriculture 85% Industry 9% Domestic 6%

Practical Options:
Water use eciency Changes in cropping patterns Better irrigation techniques Water-saving innovations (SRI) Improving the productivity of rainfed agriculture
3

Some facts:
Consumers Total utilizable water - 1,122 bcm. National Water Policy 1987, 2002. River Basins.. Water Gap in India by 2030.

Macroeconomics
Sources of Water
River Basins, Dams. Rainfall [ Rajasthan 100mm, Cherrapunji 11000mm]

Challenges
Floods and Droughts Water Quality Boundary Issues Groundwater Development
4

Groundwater

Irrigation

Canal
Increasing effective irrigation area Water logging and salinity Displacement, rehabilitation Per capita dam storage needs to be enhanced Inter- sectorial competition Inter-basin transfer of Ground water depletion surplus water Under utilization of ground PPP for distribution water resources
6

Rainwater Harvesting
Importance : Recharges groundwater table. Increases the supply of water Positive impact on the cropping patterns Hours of irrigation from the wells increased by 32% Rise in water table depth by 6-7m. Increases net revenues Useful in semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions
7

Transforming Water Utilities

Operational efficiency:-

Institutional efficiency

Using improved performance as an instrument to increase user charges Focus on performance improvement Recruitment
8

A mandatory water act Amend municipal acts Corporatization of service delivery Appropriate communication strategies

Investment by Private Sector requires :-

Existing assets. Land On time Right over assets Freedom to sub-contract Latest ULB database

Risks: Capital Risk Revenue Risk O&M Risks Performance Guarantee On the job risks.

Why private companies dont want to participate?

9

How to attract Private Capital in irrigation? Viability Gap Fund (VGF) Deferred payment structure Annuity models Creation of a Corpus Fund

Key Issues: Capital Returns Low revenues Land acquisition Rehabilitation Resettlement Trained manpower. Excess water.

Areas of Private Sector Participation:

10

Construction and O&M Remodelling and renovating Development of tourism and pisciculture. Distribution Technologies and Marketing

Water in Cities
Shortcomings:
Unreliable supply. Chronic under-investment. Legal and administrative barriers. High cost of connections. Inefficiency of existing subsidies.
11

Strategies
Shorter Management Contracts based on pilot zones. JNNURM projects should be extra-traditional. Better link between city governance, urban spaces and water services

Industrial Water Demand

Very high use : Obsolete process technology Poor recycling and reuse practices Poor wastewater treatment.
12

Water availability increased by:-

Conservation consciousness should be promoted through

Education, regulation, incentives.

Maximizing retention, eliminating pollution and minimizing losses.

Pollution
Causes of contamination:
Discharge of wastewater No adequate water flow for dilution. Household borne effluents No standardization Agricultural run-offs

Abatement : Marketable benefits Non-marketable benefits

13

Effects of Water Pollution

Lack of water, sanitation, and hygiene. India loses 90 million days a year due to water borne diseases. Production losses and treatment costs worth Rs. 6 billion

14

Types of Wastewater:
After domestic & public uses Industrial Waste Water Saline agricultural drainage water Brackish ground water Sea water in coastal regions

Recycling and Reuse

Government should include greywater treatment and reuse as an integral part of water reuse programmes in ministries.

If we do not recycle and reuse

Poor Water Availability Increasing Cost for Water Supply Poor Economic Performance of ULBs Interstate Disputes on Resource Allocation Unsustainable Growth

Indirect reuse

Recharging aquifers and augmenting surface water reservoirs with reused water. (for non-potable purposes) - garden irrigation, toilet flushing, home air conditioning, car washing, agricultural irrigation.
15

Direct reuse

Sector Reforms
Centralization of governance of the water sector

National water policy

Attempt to develop constitutional basis for nationalization of water resources State level centralization of water governance Inequitable water distribution Priority of water allocation For equitable water distribution From affordability to cost recovery

16

Thank You!

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Better Irrigation Rainwater Harvesting Implementation of PPP, ease of regulations Control Water Pollution! Reuse grey water

17