NATURAL PHENOMENA

WHAT IS SCIENCE ?
Study Of NATURAL PHENOMENA
Through OBSERVATION (Pemerhatian) And SYSTEMATIC EXPERIMENTS

WHAT IS NATURAL PHENOMENA ?

Happen in NATURE (semulajadi) Take place on their own in our natural surroundings.

EXAMPLES OF NATURAL PHENOMENA

1. A baby growing into an adult 2. Formation of rainbow (pelangi)
3. All objects thrown upwards will fall back to Earth

EXAMPLES OF NATURAL PHENOMENA

4. Lightning (kilat) 5. Flow of blood in our body
6. Germination of seeds

THE IMPORTANCE (Kepentingan) AND BENEFITS (Kebaikan) OF SCIENCE IN OUR DAILY LIFE
1. Help us find out about ourselves, plants and animals, our environment (alam sekitar) and things around us.

2. Make our life more comfortable.

Area
1 Agriculture (Pertanian)

IMPORTANCE

TECNOLOGY
Chemical fertilizers, Harvesting machines

Increase the amount and quality

2 Medicine Find new (Perubatan) medicine and allows early detection and treatment

Vaccines, Antibiotics, X-Rays, Scanning machines

Area

IMPORTANCE

TECNOLOGY

3 Transportation To move around Cars, lorries, (Pengangkutan) the world and to ships, boats, transport things aeroplanes 4 Industry Produces more Foods, drinks, and better stuffs clothings

5 Communication Talk to a person Telephones, (Perhubungan) anywhere in the internet, e-mails, world satellites

Area
6 Education

IMPORTANCE

TECNOLOGY
Computers, projectors, videos, televisions Telescopes, rockets

7 Astronomy

Facilitates the teaching and learning process Explore and do research on outer space

3 MAIN FIELDS OF SCIENCE

( 3 BIDANG UTAMA DALAM SCIENCE)
BIOLOGY

SCIENCE

PHYSICS

CHEMISTRY

SCIENCE-RELATED CAREERS
(PEKERJAAN BERKAITAN SCIENCE)
BRANCH OF SCIENCE 1 2 3 4 5 Biology Chemistry Physics Geology Medicine FOR THE STUDY OF Living things (Plants and animals) Substances and their reactions Motion, forces, heat and light Rocks and minerals Human body CAREERS Biologist, teachers, lecturer Chemist Engineer Geologist Doctor, Lecturer

SCIENCE-RELATED CAREERS
5) What are the three main branches of science? i) ii) iii) 6) Give Three examples of science-related careers i) ii) iii)

SCIENCE-RELATED CAREERS
1) What are the three main branches of science? i) biology ii) chemistry iii) physics 2) Give Three examples of science-related careers i) doctors ii) science teacher iii) engineer

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

1. Do not enter the lab without your teachers permission. 2. Do not eat and drink in the lab 3. Do not run or play in the lab 4. Do not taste of smell any chemicals

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

5. Check the labels on reagent bottles to make sure that you are using the correct chemicals 6. Read and follow instructions when working in the lab. 7. Report any breakage of apparatus or injuries to your teacher immediately

HAZARD WARNING SYMBOLS

TEXTBOOK : PAGE 7

HOMEWORK
NOTE BOOK: 1. Laboratory safety rules (pg: 6) No : 1 8 2. Hazard warning symbols (pg 7)

HOMEWORK
EXERCISE BOOK: Page 5 Question 1 Question 2 healthy (sihat) lamps (lampu) Developing (maju)

time (masa) easier (senang) problems (masalah)

HOMEWORK
Question 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ASTRONAUT ENGINEER TEACHER PILOT DOCTOR NURSE 7. MECHANIC 8. ELECTRICIAN 9. DENTIST 10. PHARMACIST 11. CHEMIST 12. SCIENTIST

Hazard Warning Symbol

LABORATORY APPARATUS

TEXTBOOK PAGE: 9

LABORATORY APPARATUS
N0 NAME 1 Test Tube APPRATUS USE To hold liquids (4 LINES) or chemicals in small amount

2 3 16

Beaker

1st TEST
What is Science? Natural Phenomena and examples 3 main fields of science Science related career Safety rules Hazard warning symbols Apparatus and the uses

1.3 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

(PENYIASATAN SECARA SAINTIFIK)
1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM ( MENGENALPASTI MASALAH ) 2. MAKING A HYPOTHESIS ( MEMBUAT HIPOTHESIS ) 3. PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT ( MERANCANG EXPERIMENT )

 4. CONTROLLING VARIABLE (MENGAWAL PEMBOLEHUBAH) 5. COLLECTING DATA ( MENGUMPUL DATA )

6. ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING DATA ( MENGANALISIS DATA)

 7. MAKING A CONCLUSION ( MEMBUAT KESIMPULAN ) 8. REPORTING (MEMBUAT LAPORAN)

WRITING A REPORT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TITLE (TAJUK) OBJECTIVE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS (RADAS DAN BAHAN) PROBLEM STATEMENT (PENYATA MASALAH) HYPOTHESIS PROCEDURE / METHOD (KAEDAH) VARIABLES (PEMBOLEHUBAH) - CONSTANT (TETAP) - MANIPULATED (MANIPULASI) - RESPONDING (BERGERAK BALAS)

8. RESULTS / OBSERVATION
( KEPUTUSAN / PEMERHATIAN)

9. CONCLUSION ( KESIMPULAN)

Textbook pg : 13

Experiment Report

7.3.2007

TITLE

: Investigating what affects the swing of a simple pendulum

Objective : To identify the relationship between the length of a pendulum and the period of a complete swing

Apparatus and Materials :

Apparatus and Materials: Metal bob, string, scissors, meter ruler, retort stand and stopwatch Problem Statement: Does the length of a simple pendulum affect the swing of the pendulum? Hypothesis:
The simple pendulum will swing slower if the string is longer

Procedures: 1. Set up the simple pendulum.. 2. Displace the metal bob.. 3. Stop the stopwatch 4. Record the time for 20

Variables: Constant : weight of pendulum Manipulated : length of pendulum Responding : period of time

Results:
Length,l Time for 20 complete swings (s) Time for 1 complete (cm) swing Average 1 2 3 15 25 35

45

Results:
Length,l Time for 20 complete swings (s) (cm) Average 1 2 3 15 25 8 10 7 12 9 11 10+12+11
3 = 11
11 20 = 0.55

Time for 1 complete swing

35 45

14 19

15 21

16 20

Results:
Length,l Time for 20 complete swings (s) Time for 1 complete (cm) swing Average 1 2 3 15 25 35 8 10 14 7 12 15 9 11 10+12+11 16
3 14+15+16 3 19+21+20 3
11 = 11 20 = 0.55

45

19

21

20

15 = 15 20 20 = 20 20

= 0.75
= 1.00

Conclusion: The simple pendulum will swing slower if it is __________.

Conclusion: The simple pendulum will swing slower if it is longer.

HOMEWORK
NOTEBOOK: pg 15 1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units
We measure these quantities in SI units. SI is an

abbreviation..

Five basic quantities and their SI units Table 1.4 , pg 16

HOMEWORK
Standard form and prefixed form Pg 16, 17

HOMEWORK
Exercise book: pg 14 Exercise 1.3 (pg:14)

1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units

1. Physical Quantities = something that can be measured 2. Measurement is important because : a) b)

5 basic quantities and their SI units

Table 1.4 , pg 16

Five Basic Quantities And Their SI Units

BASIC QUANTITIES (symbol) LENGTH (L) MASS (m) TIME (t) TEMPERATURE (T) ELECTRIC CURRENT (I) STANDARD SYMBOL metre (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) kelvin (K) ampere (A) Measuring Tools

Metre rule Lever / beam balance stopwatch Thermometer Ammeter

Standard Symbol and prefixed symbol

QUANTITIES LENGTH MASS STANDARD SYMBOL m kg PREFIXED SYMBOL cm, mm, km g

PREFIXES (pg : 17)

To state a very small or a very big value.
Prefix
kilo centi milli

Symbol
k c m

Multiplying Factor
X 103 X 10-2 X 10-3

Value
1000 0.01 0.001

1mm = 0.1cm 1mm = 0.001m 1 cm = 10 mm 1cm = 0.01m 1m = 100cm

Value of basic quantity 5000 g 0.006 m

Prefixed form 5 kg 6 mm

Standard form 5 x 103 g 6 x 10-3 m

0.06 m
8 000 000 K

6 cm
8MK

6 x 10-2 m
8 x 106 K

1m = 1000mm

Standard Form
Example: 1. 1000 m = 1 x 103 m 2. 0.02 m = 2 x 10-2 m

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12

5000 K = 9 300 000 m = 0.003 m= 0.000 000 008 s = 0.000 0094 A = 6800 000 K = 9 000 000 000 m = 0.01 s = 0.4 s = 2500 g =

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12

5000 K = 5 x 103 K 9 300 000 m = 9.3 x 106 m 0.003 m = 3 x 10-3 m 0.000 000 008 s = 8 x 10-9 s 0.000 0094 A = 9.4 x 10-6 A 6800 000 K = 6.8 x 106 K 9 000 000 000 m = 9 x 109 m 0.01 s = 1 x 10-2 s 0.4 s = 4 x 10-1 s 2500 g = 2.5 x 103 g

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12

5000 K = 5 x 103 K = 5kK 9 300 000 m = 9.3 x 106 m = 9.3 Mm 0.003 m = 3 x 10-3 m = 3mm 0.000 000 008 s = 8 x 10-9 s = 8ns 0.000 0094 A = 9.4 x 10-6 A = 9.4A 6800 000 K = 6.8 x 106 K = 6.8 MK 9 000 000 000 m = 9 x 109 m = 9Gm 0.01 s = 1 x 10-2 s = 1cs 0.4 s = 4 x 10-1 s = 4ds 2500 g = 2.5 x 103 g = 2.5 kg

PREFIXES SYMBOLS AND VALUES (page 17)

No Prefix Symbol 1 tera T 2 3 4 5 6 7 giga mega kilo hecto deca deci G Value 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000

X 1012 X 109

X 10-1

0.1

8 9 10 11

centi milli micro nano

12
13

pico
femto

Convert the value of basic quantity value into prefixed form and standard form

1. 3000 m = 3 x 103 m (standard form) = 3 km (prefixed form) 2. 8 000 000 K = 8 x 106 K = 8 MK

3. 0.005 A = 5 x 10-3 A (standard form) = 5 mA (prefixed form) 4. 0.000 004 s = 4 x 10-6 s = 4s

5. 9000 g = 6. 0.000 008 s = 7. 0.005 m = 8. 6 000 000 000 K = 9. 0.000 004 A = 10. 2000 m =

5. 9000 g = 9 x 103 g = 9kg 6. 0.000 008 s = 8 x 10-6s = 8s 7. 0.005 m = 5 x 10-3m = 5mm 8. 6 000 000 000 K = 6 x 109 K = 6GK 9. 0.000 004 A = 4 x 10-6 A = 4A 10. 2000 m = 2 x 103 m = 2km

Mass And Weight

Definition
Mass (Jisim) Quantity of matter contained in an object Kuantiti Jirim yang terkandung di dalam sesuatu object Weight (Berat) The Earths gravitational pull on an object Daya tarikan graviti ke atas jisim

S.I. unit Measuring Tools

Kilogram (kg) Lever balance, triple beam balance, electronic balance Characteristic Mass of an object does not changes property

Newton (N) Newton spring balance Weight of an object changes from place to place Nilainya mengikut daya tarikan graviti

Nilai jisim tetap di mana-mana sahaja

Mass Definition Unit Measuring tool Quantity of matter Kilogram (kg) gram (g)

Weight Gravitational force applied on an object Newton (N)

Beam balance Spring balance Lever balance

Earth Moon
In outer space

60 kg 60 kg
60 kg

600 N 100 N
0 N

1.6 MEASURING TOOLS

1. Meter rule: To measure the length of short straights lines 2. Measuring tape: To measure the length of long straight lines

Experiment (pg: 21) MEASURING TOOLS 1) Length of straight lines

Straight line
A B C

Millimetre (mm) Centimetre (cm)

Metre (m)

1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm

1 m = 1000 mm
1 cm = 0.01 m

1 mm = 0.1 cm

1mm = 0.001 m

Experiment (pg: 21) 1) Length of straight lines

1) Length of straight lines

Straigth line Milimeter (mm) Centimeter (cm) Meter (m)

A
B C

82
67 107

8.2
6.7 10.7

0.082
0.067 0.107

2) Length and width of text book

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average

Length (cm) Width (cm)

2) Length and width of text book

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average

Length 25.2cm (cm) Width 19.0cm (cm)

25.1cm 18.9cm

25.1cm 19.0cm

3) Length, width and height of table

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average

Length (cm) Width (cm)

Height (cm)

3. Thread and meter rule: To measure the length of curved lines 4. External calipers: To measure the external diameter of a sphere or cylindrical object.
5. Internal calipers: To measure the internal diameter of a cylindrical object.

4) Length of curved lines

Curved Lines Length (cm) AB PQ

4) Length of curved lines

4) Length of curved lines

Curved Lines Length (cm) AB 12.5cm PQ 15.2cm

5) Thickness of the test tube Reading

1 2 3 Average

External diameter (cm) Internal diameter (cm) Thickness (cm)

5) Thickness of the test tube Reading

1 2 B F 3 C G Average D H

External diameter(cm) Internal diameter (cm) Thickness (cm)

A E

DH=?

6) Thickness of the beaker (100 ml)

7) Thickness of the beaker (250 ml)

MEASURING AREA

MEASURING AREA
1. The area of shapes can be estimated using: a) A formula for regular shape

b) A graph paper for regular and irregular shape

MEASURING AREA (regular shape)

2. The steps are: i) Trace the shape of the object on graph paper with a pencil.
ii) Count the number of squares that are completely, half or more than half covered by the shape

iii) Multiply the number of squares by the area of a square

MEASURING AREA (regular and irregular shape)

MEASURING AREA

MEASURING VOLUME

MEASURING VOLUME
1. S.I. unit is cubic meters (m3) 2. Measuring cylinder: To measure the volume of a liquid 3. Burette: To measure a small volume of a liquid accurately

MEASURING VOLUME

MEASURING VOLUME

MEASURING VOLUME (MEASURING CYLINDER)

MEASURING VOLUME (PIPETTE)

MEASURING VOLUME (BURETTE)

MEASURING VOLUME
4. The volume of a regular or an irregular solid can be measured by using the water displacement method

Solid

Volume water Water + Small stone

Volume of water displaced

Volume of small stone

Small stone

Solid

Volume Water + Small stone Water + small stone + cork

Volume of water displaced

Volume of cork

cork

MEASURING VOLUME

MEASURING VOLUME

MEASURING VOLUME

MEASURING VOLUME

1.7 The Importance Of Standard Units In Everyday Life

1. At the beginning of 19th Century, various units of measurements to measure length and weight were used. 2. This caused a lot of confusion as the exchange of information between scientist became difficult.

3. Today the International System (SI) of units is used by scientist all over the world
4. Since then, information based on researches by scientist all over the world can be shared, exchange or used accurately and without confusion 5. Now, scientific knowledge can be transferred internationally

6. The importance of having a standard system of units:

a) Improve communication; less misunderstanding b) Fair as everyone will get the same amount for the same price c) Consistent all over the world, therefore increasing the understanding of problem around us d) Can make accurate comparisons.