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MT271 STATISTICS FOR NON-

MAJORS (3 UNITS)
Lecture 2: Graphic Presentation of
Data
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Histograms
A histogram is a graphic representation of frequency distribution, with
vertical rectangles erected on the horizontal axis. The rectangles are
joined through the class boundaries and the frequencies give their
height on the vertical axis.

Example 1.5: Draw the histogram for grocery problem given by
Example 1.2
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Solution
In this case we first create a frequency table with class boundaries as shown
below











Table 1.5
Class Boundaries Freq.
15 19 14.5 19.5 4
20 24 19.5 24.5 5
25 29 24.5 29.5 8
30 34 29.5 34.5 5
35 39 34.5 39.5 8
40 44 39.5 44.5 6
45 - 49 44.5 49.5 4
The Histogram for Amount Spent in Grocery
14.5 19.5
19.5 24.5 24.5 29.5 29.5 34.5 34.5 39.5
39.5 44.5
44.5 49.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
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Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a polygon whose vertices are the
frequencies at the class marks of the classes.

To create a frequency polygon, one have to extend the
distribution by introducing one class before the lowest class
and one class after the highest class both of them will be
having zero frequencies.

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Frequency Polygon, Contd: Example 1.6
Draw a frequency polygon for the data in Example 1.2
Solution: The frequency distribution for this case becomes




Class C. Mark Freq.
10 14 12 0
15 19 17 4
20 24 22 5
25 29 27 8
30 34 32 5
35 39 37 8
40 44 42 6
45 49 47 4
50 - 54 52 0
The frequency Polygon
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
$ 12 $ 17 $ 22 $ 27 $ 32 $ 37 $ 42 $ 47 $ 52
Class marks
F
r
e
q
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n
c
y
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Cumulative Frequency Polygon (OGIVE)
This is a line graph obtained by representing the upper class
boundaries along the horizontal axis and the corresponding
cumulative frequencies along the vertical axis.

Example 1.7: Draw a cumulative frequency polygon for the data in
Table 1.5 .


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OGIVE, Contd
Solution: The table will be extended by adding a column of upper class
boundaries and a column of cumulative frequencies.

Class Boundaries Frequency Upper boundary Cumulative
freq.
Less than 14.5 0
15 19 14.5 19.5 4 Less than 19.5 4
20 24 19.5 24.5 5 Less than 24.5 9
25 29 24.5 29.5 8 Less than 29.5 17
30 34 29.5 34.5 5 Less than 34.5 22
35 39 34.5 39.5 8 Less than 39.5 30
40 44 39.5 44.5 6 Less than 44.5 36
45 - 49 44.5 49.5 4 Less than 49.5 40
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OGIVE, Contd
The Ogive is then given below.
Cumulative Frequency Polygon
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Less than
14.5
Less than
19.5
Less than
24.5
Less than
29.5
Less than
34.5
Less than
39.5
Less than
44.5
Less than
49.5
Boundaries
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
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Measures of Central Tendency
Mean, median and Mode are three major groups of measures of
central tendency ; sometimes they are called measures of
average.

These measures can be determined for ungrouped and grouped
data.
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Measures of Central Tendency for
Ungrouped Data
Mean:
There are various mean measures in statistics: Arithmetic mean,
Geometric mean and harmonic mean

The geometric mean: Given n observations , then the
geometric mean is given by


The harmonic mean: The harmonic mean H for set of n observations is
given by


n
x x x ,...,
2
,
1
. ...
2 1
.
n
n
x x x M G =

=
=
n
i
i
x n
H
1
1 1
1
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Mean, Contd
The arithmetic mean ( ): the most commonly used measure of average
is the arithmetic mean.
It is regarded as a suitable measure of central tendency when the data are
symmetric, or when the data have no extreme values.

Given a set of n observations , then



x
n
x x x ,...,
2
,
1

=
=
n
i
i
x x
1
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Median for Ungrouped Data
Another measure of central tendency is the median. It is
defined as the middle value of the data set when the data are
arranged in order.

The median is suitable for data with extreme values and it
can be used to give the general overview for a huge mass of
data whereby the computation of the mean might be tedious

It can be denoted by
x
~
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Median, Contd
For odd number of data, the median is the value


For even number of data the median is the average of the and

observations.
th
2
1
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ n
th
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
th
2
2
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ n
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Mode is the value with the highest frequency from the data set.

It can be used to determine the most favourable output of a certain
experiment and help decide on what measures may be taken from
that output. It can be denoted by .

The data may have more than one mode
Mode for Ungrouped Data
x
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Example 1.8
Compute mean, median and mode for the following data: 3, 4, 5, 8,
3, 4, 9, 11.

Solution: First arrange the data in ascending order as 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 8,
9, 11.

Mean,

Mode: Modes are 3 and 4
Median: there is even number of observations, n = 8. In this case the
median is average of the 4
th
and 5
th
observations, which are 4
and 5. Hence median = (4+5)/2=4.5.

875 . 5
8
47
8
11 9 8 5 4 4 3 3
= =
+ + + + + + +
=

=
n
x
x