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Collision
+ 3T 4He + n
Fusion
Fusion
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He
n H U
Fusion Energy
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He 12
0.005
Fe
Pb A
Fusion
Nuclear fusion reactions provide energy in the Sun and other stars. Solar energy drives the weather and makes plants grow.
Energy stored in plants sustains animal lives, ours included.
Fusion
Sun emits 3.861026 watts, ~ 8 kwatt/cm2, 0.14 watt/cm2 reach the earth atmosphere (solar constant).
Fusion
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The Sun
Core: Radius = 0.25 Rsun T = 15 Million K Density = 150 g/cc Envelope: Radius = Rsun = 700,000 km T = 5800 K Density = 10-7 g
The Sun
The sun flare
Fusion
Fusion
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1000
D + T 4He + n
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D + D 3T + p
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D + D 3He + n
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D + 3He 4He + p
0.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 60 keV
(p, n) 7Be 3T (p, n) 3He 1H (t, n) 3He 2D (d, n) 3He 2D (t, n) 4He 3T (d, n) 4He
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Fusion
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Fires
Neon lights
Fusion
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12
0.001
Speed (m/s)
Fusion
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Magnetic lines
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fd4.gif<=ippex.pppl.gov/ippex/module_5/see_fsn.html
Fusion
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fd6.gif<=ippex.pppl.gov/ippex/module_5/see_fsn.html
Fusion
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A thermonuclear bomb begins with the detonation of small quantities of conventional explosives. The explosion starts fissionable chain reaction that heats to 1e7 K to ignite a chain of fusion reactions.
2D
Sept. 23, 1949, President Truman told the world about the Soviet explosion of A-bomb.
The US stepped up to develop the H-bomb.
H-bomb
Fusion
Nov. 1, 1952, the first Hbomb Mike tested, mushroom cloud was 8 miles across and 27 miles high;the canopy was 100 miles wide, 80 million tons of earth was vaporized. H-bomb exploded Mar. 1, 1954 at Bikini Atoll yielded 15 megatons and had a fireball 4 miles in diameter. 20 100 USSR H-bomb yields megatons.
1968, the USSR reported achieving 1.0e7 K in Tokamak, and and later reached 1.0e8 K in Tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR).
Tokamak technology is used in JET and Princeton Large Torus.
Tokamak in the Soviet achieved 5e6 K and density 5e19 p m-3 for D plasma in 1996.
Strong magnetic field using superconductors is also used.
Simulations made possible by advances in parallel processing allow us to realistically visualize plasma behavior predicted by advanced models.
Improved heat retention achieved by plasma flow toward the outside, instead of flowing close to the center (theory and experiment). Shear flow pattern also made higher temperature possible. Understanding of plasma led to National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) at PPPL, and perhaps other places. NSTX may achieve self-sustaining.
Fusion
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It may be possible to eliminate one step by combining the burning plasma experiment and engineering test facility into one device.
The spherical torus configuration, being developed through NSTX, may provide an excellent test bed for the development of materials and components for the demonstration power plant.
Fusion
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Life of a Star Condense mass Protostar Star (stable situation) Red Giant White Dwarf & Planetary Nebula Nova or Supernova Neutron Star or Black Hole
+m
3He
+m
Fusion
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Pons and Fleischmann electrolyzed a basic lithium oxide solution containing 0.1 mol of LiOD per litter of D2O solution, using palladium electrodes. Unexpected amount of heat destroyed their experiment equipments, and they claimed palladium catalyzed cold nuclear fusion.
Evidence was not sufficient, and no one else has reproduced the result yet.
Jones and co-workers also claimed cold fusion as energy source in the Earth interior.
Fusion
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JAPAN: JT-60
RUSSIA: ?
CANADA: Canadian Fusion Fuels Technology Project (CFFTP) http:// epub.iaea.org/ fusion/public/ws97/node42.html
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