I N T E R N AT I O N A L R E L AT I O N S

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
ADS51 &
0 POWER POLITICS
(Q1)
PREPARED BY:

6 MOHD SHAHRULNIZAM BIN AKIB 2009608766

MOHAMAD FIKRY BIN ROSLI 2009481552
SITI NOOR AMINAH BINTI YAHAYA 2009457014
SYAFIQAH AMIRAH BT RAZALI 2009605088
TUTORIAL QUESTION:
 Explain the various means that a
national government can employ to
enhance its country’s security and discuss
the effectiveness of those measures.

Means:

 Realism and the concept of power

 Bargaining

 The balance of power and the international

system
 Alliances
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International Security
 consists of the measures taken by nations and
international organizations to ensure mutual
survival and safety.

 These measures include military action and

diplomatic agreements such as settlements
and conventions.

 International and national security are

perpetually linked.

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1. REALISM
 focuses on state security and power above all else.

 Early realists such as Hans Morgenthau and E.H.

Carr (above pix.) argued that states are self-
interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek
to maximize their security and chances of survival.

 Any cooperation between states is explained as

functional in order to maximize each individual
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state's security
Concepts of Power

5. .

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2. Bargaining
a type of negotiation in which one party
and the other party deal of a certain or
specific matter in which will be further
discuss between them and eventually come
to an agreement.

 analternative strategy to gain an influence

or an authority for a specific purposes.

 Optimally,it cause one party engage with

the other party to create an contract that
can give a benefit or advantages to both
parties.
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3. The Balance of Power
 exists
when there is equality or stability
between competing forces.

 itexpresses the doctrine intended to

prevent any one nation from becoming
sufficiently strong so as to enable it to
enforce its will upon the rest.

 when one state or alliance increases its

power or applies it more aggressively,
threatened states will increase their own
power in response, often by forming a
counter-balancing coalition. 6
The Balance of Power (contd.)
 isa central concept in neorealist theory. A
state may choose to engage in either
balancing or bandwagoning behavior.

 in a time of war, the decision to balance or

to bandwagon may well determine the
survival of the state.

 no one power or combinations of powers will

be allowed to grow so strong as to threaten
the security of the rest.

 E.g.:the United States and the Soviet Union

maintained equivalent arsenals of nuclear
weapons in the 1970s and 1980s, which
helped sustain a military balance of power.
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4. Alliances
 the collaboration and gathering of several
parties or forces to reach the equivalent target
and objective.

 Building up one’s own capabilities against a

rival is a form of power balancing but forming
and alliance against a threatening state is often
quicker, cheaper and more effective.

 Inthe Cold War, the United State shift their

support to whatever state against Soviet Union,
so that the power of the Soviet Union will be
lessen and balance. 8
I N T E R N AT I O N A L R E L AT I O N S

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
ADS51 &
0 POWER POLITICS
(Q2)

6 PREPARED BY:

MOHD AMIRUL ASHRAF BIN MAZLI

2009490512
TUTORIAL QUESTION:
 Can international security problem destabilize
the domestic political stability of a country?

EFFECTS

 Keywords:
i. International security problem – international
conflicts
ii. Destabilize
iii. Domestic political stability

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
 International conflicts
can refer to wars, revolutions or other
struggles, which may involve the use of force
as in the term armed conflict involving more
than one country.

 Destabilize
to make unstable; rid of stabilizing
attributes: conflicts that tend to destabilize
world peace.

 Domestic political stability

“means you can count on the government 1
to be tomorrow or a year from now to be what 1
it is today…”
VIEW:

International
security destab Domestic
problem ilize stability

There is a positive correlation between

international conflicts and domestic instability.

“every institution and certainly every human

being, if he isn’t living in a jungle, are
dependent on other people.”
-Edward Bernays (the founder of PR)
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Examples:
 Examples #1 THE
WW1

COUNTRIES AFFECTED
BY WW1
 Examples #2

THE INVASION OF ISRAEL TOWARDS

PALESTIN 1
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 Example #3

SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS
The United States responded to the
attacks by launching a "War on
Terrorism"; invading Afghanistan to
depose the Taliban, who had
harbored al-Qaeda terrorists; and
invading Iraq to dispose of Saddam
Hussein and Iraq's supposed stock
of weapons of mass destruction.

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 Example #4

Terrorism

They destabilize the situation in individual

countries by fomenting religious and national hostility

v and separatism, they look for -- and

weak links in the global
because of inherent
sometimes find --
chain, governments which
weakness or short-sighted foreign

s.
policies are inclined to flirt with international
terrorism.

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 Example #5

Situation In Darfur
There are a number of threats
presented by Darfur, including
regional and international humanitarian,
moral threats.
- The chaos in Darfur is
spilling over Sudan's borders.
- Chad has become a
destination for Darfur refugees.
(create tensions)
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 Example #6

• UN report : "The Impact of

Civilization on Social
Development".

• The document notes, among other

things, that "concern over globalization
is partly due to the fact that the national
policies of states are increasingly
influenced by policies pursued outside
their boundaries".
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CONCLUSIONS:

Without political stability, there could be

no security for either life or liberty, and
thus man’s existence could never be
anything more than a chaotic, violent
and bloody struggle for power.

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