BASIC POWER SYSTEM

PREAMBLE
Transmission Lines are needed when bulk power has to be transmitted over long distances.
Power is transmitted at high voltages. Power is transmitted at high voltages in order to reduce power loss during transmission. Transmission Lines with both A/C and D/C voltages are being used though A/C Transmission Lines are dominant.

 Based on Angle of Deviation:

TYPES OF TOWER

A type tower: angle of deviation is 0 to 2 degree.(Suspension Tower) B type tower: angle of deviation is 2 to 15 degree. (Angle tower) C type tower: angle of deviation is 15 to 30 degree.(Angle tower) D/Dead end tower: angle deviation 30 to 60 degree/Dead end (Angle tower) Special Type Tower Based on Number of Circuit: Single Circuit Tower Double Circuit Tower Multiple Circuit Tower

Single Circuit Tower (Suspension Type)

Suspension and Tension Double Circuit Tower

Tower Anatomy
A tower is constituted of following items:
Peak Cross Arm Boom Cage Tower Body Body Extension Belt Bracing Leg Extension Stub/Anchor Bolts and Base Plate Assembly

Tower Parts

Typical Insulator String

Voltage Level

Factors in Tower Designing

Wind

No. of Circuits
Temperature Climatic Conditions Seismic Intensity Ice Formation

SURVEY
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
CRITERIA FOR ROUTE SELECTION: Shortest Path Ease of approach and accessibility Required Distance Maintenance from parallel power, telephone and railway lines. Avoiding of Forest Areas Cost of securing and clearing Right of Way (RoW). Minimum Danger to Town/Village Avoiding any industrial outfit. Swamp and shallow lands subject to flood, marshy areas, earth slip zones. Avoiding dense populated areas.

SURVEY (Contd.)
FIXING OF ROUTE ALIGNMENT: The alignment of the line route is carried out by survey using theodolite. The following positions are fixed during this survey: Fixing of angle tower positions. Finalizing of crossing points of major HT Lines. Finalizing of crossing points of Railway lines. Measurement of deviation at all angle locations.

Measurement of line route length. Basic span standard to be adopted: 400 KV 400 Meter 220 KV 350 Meter 132 KV 335 Meter

Crossing of Power Lines: The crossing of existing power lines shall be at an angle as close to 90 degree as possible.

SURVEY ( Contd.)

The crossing of the new line over an existing power line is preferably done in the middle of the span between towers of existing power line.

Crossing of Telecommunication Lines: The crossing of such lines should preferably be at 90 degrees, but an angle less than 60 degrees is not permissible.

Crossing of Railway Tracks: The angle of crossing should preferably be 90 degrees, but an angle of upto 60 degrees may be permitted in special cases.

Crossing of Roads: Transmission line crossings across National Highways and major roads shall preferably be at right angles or as near to 90 degrees as possible.

 It is advisable to carry out the work of clearing the right of way as early as possible during the construction of the line. The work of clearing of right of way should preferably be carried out in the seasons when there are no standing crops in the agriculture fields. However, tree cutting necessary for paying out and sagging of conductor may be got done during the stringing operation. The following Right of Way width is recommended for various voltage levels: 66 KV - 18 Meter 132 KV - 27 Meter 220 KV - 35 Meter 400 KV - 52 Meter

RIGHT OF WAY

RIGHT OF WAY(CORRIDOR)

DETAILED SURVEY
Details of all crossings of kutcha and metalled roads, canals, rivers, forest area, ponds, railway lines, P&T lines and power lines along the line route shall be noted.

The height above ground of the earthwire (in case of overhead crossing) and the lowest conductor (in case of crossing under existing lines) of the lines being crossed should be measured.
Places along the line route where towers cannot be located due to poor or bad ground conditions, such as low lying areas, marshy areas, highly sloping areas, etc. should also be noted. All kutcha and metalled roads, trees, structures, buildings, huts, sheds, canals, wells, rivers, forest area, railway lines, P&T lines, power lines, ponds, hillsides, high sand dunes and other objects, etc. within 50 metres on both sides of line route should be noted

 After survey work, tower profile is prepared.

Tower Profile contains land profile and points where tower is to be erected. Major crossings, rivers, landmarks . It also contains type of tower to be used, its exact location, span between two adjacent towers. Tower Profile is prepared by various softwares.

PROFILING

TYPICAL PROFILES

TYPICAL PROFILE

 Stringing charts contain the curves that represents the following relationships: 1 - Tension vs Temperature, 2 - Sag vs Temperature Such a chart is helpful in knowing the sag and tension at a given temperature, thus helping in ensuring the correct adjustment of sag and tension when setting up transmission lines.

STRINGING CHART

SAG TEMPLATE
A Sag Template is a very important tool with the help of which the position of towers on the Profile is decided so that they conform to the limitations of vertical and wind loads on any particular tower, and minimum clearances. A Sag Template consists of a set of parabolic curves drawn on a transparent celluloid or acrylic clear sheet duly cut in over the maximum conductor sag curve to allow the conductor curve to be drawn and the lowest points of the conductor sag to be marked on the profile when the profile is placed underneath it. The set of curves in the sag template consists of:

a) Cold Curve showing sag of conductor at minimum temperature (minus 2.5C) and still wind. b) Hot or Maximum Sag Curve showing maximum sag of conductor at maximum temperature and still wind including sag tolerances allowed (normally 4%), if any, and under maximum ice condition wherever applicable. c) General or Ground Clearance Curve which is drawn parallel to the Hot or Maximum Sag Curve and at a distance equal to the specified minimum ground clearance for the relevant voltage. d) Tower Footing Curve which is drawn parallel to the Ground Clearance Curve and separated by a minimum distance equal to the maximum sag at the basic design span.

TYPICAL SAG TEMPLATE

TOWER SPOTTING AND TOWER SCHEDULE

TOWER SPOTTING:

The Sag Template is applied to the profile by moving the same horizontally while always ensuring that the vertical axis is held vertical, i.e., in line with the vertical lines on the profile sheet. By this, tower location is marked on profile.
TOWER SCHEDULE: After tower spotting has been done, a tower schedule is prepared which contains all the information such as location numbers, type of tower, span length, section length, sum of adjacent spans, weight spans (effect of one side as well as both sides) under maximum and minimum sag conditions, angle of deviations, type of hardware (suspension / tension, and single / double), and brief details of objects in, along and near the line route.

CHECK SURVEY
Check survey is carried out for the following purposes: a) To reconfirm the work carried out during detailed survey. b) To locate and peg mark the tower position on ground controlling to the route profile. c) To give direction pegs for excavation of tower foundation pits.

 After the location marking has been done, the marking of the pits for excavation for the foundation of the location is carried out as per foundation drawing. The tower legs, footings and faces are designated as shown in the drawing below:

PIT MARKING

FOUNDATION
SOIL INVESTIGATION Objectives of Soil Investigation:
1. The nature, thickness and variation of soil strata in the region. 2. Assessing the physical properties of the soil strata encountered, which in turn will help in the design and mode of construction of the proposed foundations. 3. The seasonal variations in ground water table and their possible effects on the soil . 4. The approximate values of strength and compressibility of soil bed. 5. The depth of underlying rock bed, when necessary.

TYPE OF SOIL
Type of Soils: Normal Dry Soil Hard Soil/ Hard Murram/ Dense Soil Soft/Disintegrated/Fissured Rock Hard Rock Sandy Soil etc.

 The type of the foundation to be casted at any location depends upon the type of soil, sub soil water level and the presence of surface water. While classifying foundations, the worst conditions are to be considered and not necessarily the conditions prevailing at the time of inspection. TYPE OF FOUNDATION: 1 Normal Dry Foundation 2 Wet Foundation 3 Partially Submerged Foundation 4 Fully Submerged Foundation 5 Black Cotton Soil Foundation 6 Soft Rock or Fissured Rock Foundation 7 - Hard Rock Foundation 8 - Sandy Soil Foundation

FOUDATION TYPES BASED ON SOIL

FOUNDATION WORK
EXCAVATION DRESSING STUB SETTING LEAN PAD LAYING STEEL REINFORCEMENT PLACING FORMER BOX PLACING EARTHING CONNECTION FRUSTUM & CHIMNEY CASTING BACKFILLING CURING & COPING

FOUNDATION WORK (CONTD.)

It is a light rigid steel framework and is used to hold the tower stubs at the correct alignment and slope during the concreting work. The template is adjustable type which can suit the standard tower as well as towers with standard extensions

STUB SETTING TEMPLATE

STUB & STUB SETTING TEMPLATE

 Earthing of each tower is to be done after the foundation has been casted. The earthing connection which was fixed to the stub during concreting of the chimney and taken out horizontally below the ground level is used for earthing. This earthing connection is generally provided on Leg 1 and additional earthing, if required, is provided on Leg 3 for pipe type earthing.

EARTHING

For counterpoise earthing, the earthing connection is provided on all the four legs.

PIPE TYPE EARTHING

The pipe type earthing is generally provided outside the base of the tower. A hole of the required diameter and depth is augured in the earth for the earthing pipe. The earthing pipe is then put inside the hole. A mixture of coke and salt is filled in the hole in which the earthing pipe is provided. The earthing strip which was fitted to the stub of the tower leg is then connected to the earthing pipe.

ILLUSTRATION OF PIPE TYPE EARTHING

 Counterpoise earthing consists of four lengths of galvanized steel stranded wires, each fitted with a lug for connection to the tower leg at one end.
The wires are connected to each of the legs and taken radially away from the tower and embedded horizontally below ground level. TOWER FOOTING RESISTANCE: The tower footing resistance of all towers shall be measured in dry weather after their erection and before the stringing of earthwire. In no case the tower footing resistance shall exceed 10 ohms. In case the resistance exceeds this value, multiple pipe earthing or counterpoise earthing shall be adopted.

COUNTERPOISE TYPE EARTHING

ILLUSTRATION OF COUNTERPOISE
TYPE EARTHING

TOWER ERECTION
Tower is erected not less than 10 days of foundation laying. There are three methods of tower erection: Built Up Method Section Method Ground Assembly Method Helicopter Method/Crane Method

Most often Built Up Method is used for this is the easiest of these methods.
Built up Method doesnt require any heavy machinery Built up Method can be used on any terrain and throughout the year. Workmen available at cheaper rate.

TOWER ERECTION (CONTD.)

TOWER ERECTION (CONTD.)

Tightening of Nuts & Bolts: All nuts and bolts must be properly tightened. It should be done in bottom-up manner. Anti theft nuts & bolts tightening. Tack Welding of Nuts and Bolts: Tack welding is got done of all the nuts & bolts from the ground level upto bottom cross arm level, or a specified in the contract. After welding, cold galvanizing paint (Zinc rich paint having at least 90% zinc content) is applied to the welded portion.

Fixing of Accessories:
U Bolt for earthwire suspension Anti climbing device Phase plate, number plate, danger plate

STRINGING OF CONDUCTOR &

EARTHWIRE
Major Activities of Stringing:
Checking of tightening of nuts and bolts Storing of Line Material Preparatory work before stringing Provision of back stay to the all angle tower Hoisting of Insulator Strings Installation of Aerial Rollers Paying of Pilot Wire and Earthwire Paying out of Conductor Rough Sagging of Conductor Final Sagging of Conductor Clipping Fixing of Vibration Dampers Installation of Spacers Jumpering & final checking

STRINGING (CONTD.)

STRINGING (CONTD.)
Repairing of Conductor:
Repairing of conductor is done only in case of minor damage limited to outer surface of conductor. Repairing is done by using Repair Sleeve. Only one Repair Sleeve to be used in a span. No Repairing to be done within 30 Meter of insulator fitting.

Jointing:
Conductor ends are jointed using Joint Sleeves. No jointing to be done within 30 Meter of Structure.

TESTING & COMMISSIONG

General: Before line is energized, visual inspection is done to see that all the nuts and bolts are tight. The earth connections are checked. Pamphlets bearing the warning notice are got circulated in the area through which the transmission line is passing. Final Inspection by CEA for charging permission.

Testing: a) Conductor Continuity Test: To test that conductor are properly connected electrically. b) Insulation Resistance Test: To test the resistance of Insulation

THANK YOU !