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28 December 2013
PMI Revision 00
Choking of air heater basket resulting high dp across air heater, low heat transfer and high exit temperature. Low gas side efficiency.
Low X-ratio indicating bad operating condition
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Therefore..
28 December 2013
PMI Revision 00
Data required
O2 & CO2 in FG at APH Inlet
28 December 2013
PMI Revision 00
28 December 2013
PMI Revision 00 Sampling Point for Flue Gas Temperature & Composition
5/6 l
Thermocouples
Traverse Ports
Ports
28 December 2013
PMI Revision 00
Datascan Boxes
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170 160
Temp C
C Probes
E
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S1
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7-8
6
%
5 4
S3 S2 S1
3 A B C D
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28 December 2013
Probe
Average Oxygen values in Test x from the fourteen probe grid in Flue Gas Duct at Air Heater Inlet
2.6 2.6
4.6
E 2.7
F 3.1
4.2
G 3.2 3.0 H I J
11
Average Oxygen values in Test xx from the fourteen probe grid in Flue Gas Duct at Air Heater Inlet
2.1 PMI Revision 00 2.4 2.6
3.0 2.9
28 December 2013
Air Leakage
Weight of air passing from air side to gas side. This leakage is assumed to occur entirely between air inlet and gas outlet. Almost 65% leakage is from radial seals, 30 % from circumference bypass seals and rest from axial, rotor post seals Hot End / Cold End / Entrained Leakage Empirical relationship using the change in concentration of O2 or CO2 in the flue gas
= CO2in - CO2out * 0.9 * 100 CO2out
Calculation
% AL
Calculation using CO2 values is preferred because of higher absolute values and lower errors. The method of determination of O2 or CO2 should be the same at inlet and outlet - wet or dry (Orsat).
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X Ratio
Ratio of heat capacity of air passing through the air heater to the heat capacity of flue gas passing through the air heater. = Wair out * Cpa Wgas in * Cpg Tgas in - Tgas out (no leakage) Tair out - Tair in
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4) Air In / Air Out Temperatures For air inlet and outlet temperatures, weighted averages of primary and secondary air temperatures are used as below. Fraction of PA flow = F1 = PA flow / Total Air Flow Fraction of SA flow = F2 = SA flow / Total Air Flow Weighted Air Temp In = F1 * PA Temp In + F2 * SA Temp In Wghted Air Temp Out = F1 * PA Temp Out + F2 * SA Temp out
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5) The specific heat of the air is calculated at the average air temperature in the AH (Inlet Temperature + Outlet Temperature) / 2. This is done by using ASMEs PTC 4.1 Steam Generating Units, Figure 3. = CpAIR (kcal/kg/K) Formula: Cp_air = 9.798958E-19 * X5 2.76786E15 * X4 7.42842E-12 * X3 +0.00000002654212 * X2 +.000006479326 * X +0.2389161 Where X = Average air temperature in AH. 6) If a CO2 analyser is not available, the amount of CO2 in the flue gas can be calculated by subtracting the O2 percentage from the constant for (O2 + CO2). CO2 (%) = (O2 + CO2) - O2 = BO2CO2 - O2
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7) The specific heat of the flue gas is calculated using average gas temperature (Gas inlet and no-leakage gas outlet), carbon content of fuel, hydrogen content of fuel, and amount of CO2 in the flue gas. See ASMEs PTC 4.1 Steam Generating Units, Figure 7. = CpGAS (kcal/kg/K) 8) Air Heater Leakage (%) is defined as 100*the mass of wet air leaking to the gas side divided by the mass of wet gas entering the air heater. However, it is usually approximated by one of the two equations using measurements of gas analysis, by volume, on the gas side: % Leakage = 90* (%CO2 entering - %CO2 leaving) / %CO2 leaving % Leakage = 90* (%O2 leaving - %O2 entering) / (21%O2 leaving)
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9)
AH Gas Side Efficiency is calculated as below. AHE = 100 * (Gas Temp In NL Gas Temp Out) / (Gas Temp In Air Temp In) Or AHE = 100 * (AHGIT - EGTCorTNL) / (AHGIT AirT)
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THANK YOU
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PMI Revision 00
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