EE201 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Chapter 2

DIODE

a. Physical structure and symbol

Physical
Katod Anod Katod

Symbol
Anod

N-type material is called Katod (K)

P-type material is called Anod (A)

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i. Forward bias
i. Anod is connected to positive supply ii. Katod is connected to negative supply
K
-ve

A
+ve

K
ON
+ve

A
-ve

When forward biased, current can flow through the diode Like a switch isTnSyed switched on. Jul06

ii.Reverse bias
K
+ve -ve

K
Suis OFF +ve

A
- ve

Reverse bias: i. Anod is connected to negative supply ii. Katod is connected to positif supply
Current cannot flow through the diode Like a switch is switched off
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iii. I-V characteristic curve for silicon diode

Forward current ID (mA) Knee voltage

Reverse voltage

VS

VD Forward voltage
Silikon 0.7v

Brekdown voltage

IS (A) Reverse current

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a.

Knee voltage (threshold voltage)

Voltage level where the increment of current happens. When the applied forward biased voltage reach the barrier voltage.
Knee voltage for diode
Si 0.7v Ge 0.3v
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b.

Forward current(Id) (milliampere)

Amount of current that can be handled savely when the forward voltage is supplied Measured in milliampere (mA)

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c.

Reverse current (microampere)

Very small current or leakage current when the diod is reversed biased.

Measured in micro ampere (A)

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d.

Breakdown voltage

Definition:-

Voltage level where the increment of reverse current happens (in microampere) Big current value exceeds the breakdown level can burn the pn junction and damage it.

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e. Burning Level (when Id, Vd exceeds P mak) Power(P) that exceeds the max power of the diode during forward biased. P maks is produced from Id and Vd, Vd is a constant
Normally P is represented by maksimum current (Id)
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Difference between silicon and germanium diod

1. Knee voltage for diode Ge is 0.3V

2. Diode Ge need only a smaller forward biased voltage and let the current pass compared to diode Si (0.7V)

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Difference between silicon and germanium diode

3. Forward current increment rate after exceeds the knee voltage is slower compared to forward current diode Si 4. Reverse current or leakage current for diode Ge is bigger compared to diode Si

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Ideal diode concept

When diode operates, the characteristic inside the diode makes the analysis work of electronics circuits difficult. The characteristics are:a. b. c. Barrier voltage Forward current Reverse current (leakage current)
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2. ZENER DIODE
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Schematic symbol for zener diode

Katod Anod

Operates in the reverse biased zone

Diode zener voltage rate is from 2.4v to 200v with power rate 1/4w to 50w
Used to set a reference point for some of dc output voltage

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Characteristic curve for zener diode

Breakdown voltage or zener voltage (Vz) Id

Vs

Vd

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Is

Usage :-

Voltage regulator / voltage stabilizer

R1 Dz

Unregulated input voltage

Regulated output

Stabilizing the output voltage even there is a change in input voltage

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Advantages of zener diode

1.

AT the zener voltage level and beyond it, it able to conduct the high reverse current without damage.
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Advantages of zener diode

2. AT the zener voltage level and beyond it, the voltage across the diode constant and same as the zener voltage. Only change in the current value. 3. Operates in breakdown zone.
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3. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

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iv. Schematic symbol for LED

Katod

Anod
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Characte ristics of LED

1.
2.

Used as indicator
Like diode, LED operates when receives forward bias voltage. Electrons from N-type will combine with hole in P-type.
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Characte ristics of LED

3. Semiconductor Silicon @ Germanium, this combination will produce heat. semiconductor Galium Arsenide (GaAs), Galium Phosphate (GaP) or Galium Arsenide Phosphate (GaAsP), this combination will produce light
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Characte ristics of LED

The light colours depends on the type of the material. a. GaAs = infra red b. GaP = red @ green c. GaAsP = red @ yellow

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Characteristics of LED
5. a. Operates at low voltage between 1 to 4V and let current 10 to 40mA flow. b. Breakdow voltage low, 3 to 5V c. higher voltage or current can destroy the LED

d. the LED brightness depends on the current value

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RECTIFIER
Use one or more diode Cut ve cycle or +ve cycle Convert a.c. to pulses rippling d.c.

A.c. input with lowered voltage

Ripple d.c. output a.c. component exist in d.c.

3 types of rectifier:i. ii. iii. half wave Full wave Bridge

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit
Transformer
D1

V
i/p
A.C 240v 50hZ

R L

+ + ve

ve

o/p

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit operation A
+ve 0

During +ve cycle

+

D1

+ve
R L

D1 ON
+ve 0

-ve

input +ve

Output +ve

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During +ve cycle

i. Terminal A is +ve, terminal B is ve

ii. Anod D1 gets +ve voltage iii. D1 in forward biased

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During +ve cycle

iv. D1 let current pass through it.

v. Voltage drop exist across RL

iv. Voltage drop RL is the output voltage

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit operation
D1

During -ve cycle

D1 OFF +ve
R L +ve
0

A
0

- ve

Input ve

-ve No output

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During -ve cycle

i. Terminal A is -ve, terminal B +ve ii. Anod D1 gets ve voltage iii. D1 in reverse biased

i. Half wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During -ve cycle

i. D1 blocks the current flow through it ii. No voltage drop across RL because no current flow iii. Output voltage is zero

Output voltage
Occurs during positive half cycle only Voltage drop across diode is 0.7V (assume silicon diode) , output voltage is :-

Vo = Vi - 0.7

i. Half wave rectifier Output voltage

A
D1

D1 ON +ve
R L

Input

-ve

D1 OFF output

Output frequency
Same as input:- 50Hz Example
A half wave rectifier gets input voltage 20Vp-p, 50Hz. With the assumption that is no voltage drop across diode, calculate :i. ii. Rectifier output voltage Output frequency

Example
+10V

D1

solution
-10V

i/p

+ve
o/p

R L

- ve Vm = 20Vp-p = 10Vp-p

Output voltage =

10V

Output frequency

= input frequency = 50Hz

ii. Full wave rectifier

Circuit

12

v
0v

D1 R L

+ + ve ve

V A.C 240v 50Hz

12

D2

Circuit operation
+
0

During +ve cycle

A +
0v

D1 R L

+ ve +

D1 ON D2 OFF

B
A
0v

D2

D1 On Switched

+
RL

0v

ve
R L
Switched D2 Off

ii. Full wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During +ve cycle

Terminal A is +ve, terminal B is ve

D1 forward biased, D2 reverse biased

Current can flow through D1 like a switch is switched on

ii. Full wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During +ve cycle

D2 blocks current flow, switch off

Current flow through D1, RL and return to terminal 0

Voltage drop across RL

Voltage drop across RL is the output voltage

Circuit operation A
0 0v

During -ve cycle

+ve D1 R L D2

D2 ON D1 OFF

+
0

+ C A
0v Switch D1 Off

-ve

0v

+
R L D2 On Switch

RL

i. Full wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During -ve cycle

Terminal A is -ve, terminal C is +ve

D2 forward biased , D1 reverse biased

Current can flow through D2 like a switch is switched on

i. Full wave rectifier

Circuit operation

During ve cycle

D1 blocks current flow, switch off

Current flow through D2, RL and return to terminal 0

Voltage drop across RL

Voltage drop across RL is the output voltage

Output voltage
Occurs in both cycle Voltage drop across diod is 0.7V (assume silicon diode), output voltage is :-

Vo = VAB - 0.7

Output frequency
Double the input frequency :- 100Hz

Example
A full wave rectifier with input voltage 20Vp-p, 50Hz. Transformer with turns ratio 2 : 1. with assumption no voltage drop across diode, calculate :i. Rectifier output voltage

ii.

Output frequency

Solution
Vi = 20Vp-p = 10Vp-p VAC Vi

Ns Np Ns

Output frequency = 2 X input frequency = 100Hz

VAC

= Np

x Vm

VAB
So Vk

VAC
VBC 2.5 Vp

=
=

1 x 10Vp 2 5 Vp

= 2.5 Vp = =

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit

240VAC 50Hz

Input voltage

Output voltage

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit operation
A
+
+
0

During +ve cycle

+ Input voltage +
0

D1& D3 ON

Output D2& voltage D4

OFF

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit operation

During +ve cycle

A
+
+
0

D1&D3 ON

Input voltage

+
+

D2&D4 OFF

Output voltage

iii. Bridge rectifier

 Bridge rectifier
Circuit operation During +ve cycle

Terminal A is +ve, terminal B is ve Anod D1 is +ve, Katod D3 is ve

D1 and D3 forward biased.

Let current pass through

 rectifier Tetimbang
Kendalian Litar
Ketika cycle +ve

Terminal A is +ve, terminal B is ve Anod D2 is -ve, Katod D4 is +ve

D2 and D4 reverse biased

Block current flow

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit operation
A
D2&D4 ON

During +ve cycle

Input voltage

+
+
0

D1&D3 OFF

Output voltage

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit operation
A
D2&D4 ON

During -ve cycle

Input voltage

+
+
0

D1&D3 OFF

Output voltage

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit operation

During -ve cycle

Terminal A is -ve, terminal B is +ve Anod D2 is +ve, Katod D4 is ve

D2 and D4 forward biased

Let current pass through

iii. Bridge rectifier

Circuit operation

During -ve cycle

Terminal A is -ve, terminal B is +ve Anod D1 is -ve, Katod D3 is +ve

D1 and D3 reverse biased

Block current flow

Output voltage
Occurs in both cycles

At one cycle, voltage drop across 2 diodes So, the total voltage drop is 1.4V (assume silicon diode), Output voltage is :Vo = VA-B - 1.4V

Output frequency
Output frequency = 2 X input frequency

Question
A bridge rectifier with input voltage 20 Vp-p 50 Hz. A transformer with turns ratio 2:1. With assumption that no voltage drop across diodes, calculate:i. Output voltage rectifier

ii.

Output frequency

i. rectifier output voltage

Vin
VA-B
Vin VA-B

=
= = = =

20Vp-p
10 Vp Ns Np Ns x Np 1 x

Vm

Vout

= = =

2 5Vp VA-B 5Vp

10

Vp

ii.

Frekuensi isyarat keluaran

2 x input frequency

= 100 Hz

SEKIAN
SEMOGA BERJAYA DAN DIBERKATI