ENERGY CONVERSION ONE

(Course 25741)

CHAPTER NINE .continued DC MOTORS AND GENERATORS

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

If a shunt dc motor has compensating windings so that flux is constant regardless of load, & motors speed & armature current known at any one value of load , then speed at any other load can be determined if IA is known at that load EXAMPLE-1: A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 r/min dc shunt motor with compensating windings, RA =0.06 (including brushes, comp. windings, & inter-poles). The field cct. has a total resistance of Radj + RF of 50 which develops a no load speed of 1200 r/min. There are 1200 turns per pole on shunt field winding

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

(a) Find speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A (b) Find speed of this motor when its input current is 200 A (c) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 300 A (d) plot torque-speed characteristic of this motor

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

EXAMPLE-1;SOLUTION: EA=Kn, since IF is constant (VT & RF const.) & since there are no A.R. would be constant relationships between speeds & internal generated voltages of motor at 2 different load conditions is: EA2/EA1=[Kn2]/[Kn1]

constant K cancels, also canceled n2= EA2/EA1 . n1 at no load IA is zero so EA1=VT=250 V While speed n1=1200 r/min
If internal generated voltage at any other load is determined, motor speed at the load can be determined

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

(a) if IL=100 A then armature current : IA=IL-IF=IL- VT / RF =100 250/ 50=95 A EA=VT-RAIA=250 (95)(0.06)=244.3 V Resulting speed:
n2=EA2/EA1xn1=244.3/250 x1200=1173 r/min

(b) IL=200 A IA=200-250/50=195 A EA=250-(95)(0.06)=238.3 V n2= 238.3/250 x1200=1144 r/min

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

(c) if IL=300 A, then IA=IL-IF=300-250/50=295 A EA = 250-(295)(0.06)=232.3 V n2=232.3/250 x 1200=1115 r/min (d) torque versus speed At no load induced torque is zero Pconv=EAIA=Tind From this equation Tind= EAIA / IL=100 A Tind=(244.3)(95)/ [1173x1/60x2]=190 N.m. IL=200 A Tind= 238.3x195/[1144x1/60x2]=388 N.m. IL=300 A Tind=587 N.m.

TERMINAL CHARCATERISTIC of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

Torque speed characteristic of motor

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

flux & EA of a dc machine is a nonlinear function of mmf anything that changes mmf cause a nonlinear effect on EA mmf should be used to determine EA & mmf
determined based on field current and A.R.

magnetization curve is a direct plot of EA versus IF for a given speed 0 effect of variation in field current can be determined directly from its magnetization curve

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

If a machine has armature reaction, its flux will be reduced with each increase in load. The total mmf in a shunt dc motor is the field circuit mmf less the mmf due to armature reaction (AR): Fnet = NFIF FAR magnetization curves are expressed as plots of EA vs field current, normally an equivalent field current is defined that would produce the same output voltage as the combination of all the mmf in the machine The equivalent field current :

* F

IF

FAR NF

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

one other effect must be considered when non linear analysis is used to determine EA of a dc motor The magnetization curves for a machine are drawn for a particular speed, usually the rated speed of the machine How can the effects of a given field current be determined if the motor is turning at other than rated speed? The equation for the induced voltage in a dc machine when speed is expressed as rev/min: EA = Kn , For a given effective field current, the flux in the machine is fixed, so the EA is related to speed by

EA n E A0 n0

 EXAMPLE-2: A 50 hP, 250V, 1200r/min DC shunt motor without compensating windings has an armature resistance (including the brushes and interpoles) of 0.06 . Its field circuit has a total resistance Radj + RF of 50 , which produces a no-load speed of 1200 r/min. There are 1200 turns per pole on the shunt field winding, and the armature reaction produces a demagnetising mmf of 840 A.turns at a load current of 200A. magnetization curve of this machine is shown next

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

Magnetization Curve of typical 250 V dc motor Example -2

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 200A. (b) This motor is essentially identical to the one in Example 1, except for the absence of compensating windings. How does its speed compare to that of the previous motor at a load current of 200A? (c) calculate & plot torque-speed characteristic of motor

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

(a) IL=200 A IA=IL-VT/RF=200-250/50=195 A EA=250-195x0.06=238.3 V at this current A.R. demagnetizing mmf is 840 A.T.s so effective shunt field current is: IF*= IF- FAR/NF = 5.0-840/1200 =4.3 A from magnetization curve, effective field current produce EA0 of 233 V at a speed of n0=1200 r/min However since voltage is 238.3 V, shows actual operating speed of motor is: EA/EA0 n0 =238.3/233 x 1200 =1227 r/min

(b) at 200 A load in Example 1, motors speed was n=1144 r/min in this example motors speed is 1227 r/min Note: speed of motor with A.R. is higher than speed of motor with no A.R. This relative increase in speed is due to flux weakening in machine with A.R. (c) for this item, (since there is no information about FAR in other load currents) it is assumed that FAR varies linearly with load current, & using MATLAB speed-torque characteristic obtained

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS of a SHUNT DC MOTOR

Torque-speed characteristic of motor with armature reaction

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Two common methods: 1- Adjusting the field resistance RF (and thus the field flux) 2- Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the armature Less common method: 3- Inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Changing the Field Resistance If the field resistance increases, field current decreases (IF = VT/RF), and as the field current decreases, flux decreases as well. A decrease in flux causes an instantaneous decrease in the internal generated voltage EA (=K), which causes a large increase in the machines armature current since

VT E A I A RA

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Induced torque in a motor is given by ind =KIA since flux in machine decreases while current IA increases, which way does the induced torque change? Look at this example: armature current flow is IA=(250V-245V)/ 0.25= 20A

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

What happens in this motor if there is a 1% decrease in flux? If the flux decrease by 1%, then EA must decrease by 1% too, because EA = K Therefore, EA will drop to: EA2 = 0.99 EA1 = 0.99 (245) = 242.55 V armature current must then rise to IA = (250-242.55)/0.25 = 29.8 A Thus, a 1% decrease in flux produced a 49% increase in armature current

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

back to original discussion, the increase in current predominates over the decrease in flux so, ind>load , the motor speeds up However, as the motor speeds up, EA rises, causing IA to fall. Thus, induced torque ind drops too, and finally ind equals load at a higher steady-sate speed than originally Summarizing behaviour: 1- increasing RF causes IF (=VT/RF) to decrease 2- decreasing IF decrease

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

3 Decreasing lowers EA(=K)
4 - Decreasing EA increases IA (=VT-EA)/RA 5- increasing IA increases Tind (=KIA), with change in IA dominant over change in flux 6-increasing Tind makes Tind>Tload & speed increases 7-increase in , increases EA= K again 8-increasing EA decreases IA 9-Decreasing IA decreases Tind until Tind=Tload at a higher Effect of increasing RF on O/P characteristic of a shunt motor shown in next figure

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Effect of RF speed control on a shunt motors torque-speed (over motors normal operating range)

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Effect of RF speed control on a shunt motors torque-speed (over entire range from no-load to stall conditions)

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

According to equation of speed presented before: (a) no-load speed is proportional to reciprocal of flux in motor (b) while slope of the curve is proportional to reciprocal of flux squared Therefore a decrease in flux causes slope of torquespeed to become steeper over this range, an increase in field resistance increases motors speed For motors operating between no-load & full-load conditions, an increase in RF may reliably be expected to increase operating speed

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

In previous figure (b) terminal characteristic of motor over full range from no-load to stall shown In figure can see at very slow speeds, an increase in field resistance will actually decrease speed of motor This effect occurs because at very low speeds, the increase in armature current caused by decrease in EA not enough to compensate for decrease in flux in induced torque field resistance Some small dc motors used for control purposes operate at speeds close to stall conditions For these motors, an increase in RF might have no effect or it might even decrease speed of motor Since the results are not predictable, field resistance speed control should not be used in these types of dc motors. Instead, the armature voltage method should be employed

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

CHANGING ARMATURE VOLTAGE This method involves changing the voltage applied to the armature of the motor without changing the voltage applied to the field If the voltage VA is increased, then the IA must rise [ IA = (VA -EA)/RA]. As IA increases, the induced torque ind =KIA increases, making ind > load , and the speed of the motor increases But, as the speed increases, the EA (=K) increases, causing the armature current to decrease This decrease in IA decreases the induced torque, causing ind = load at a higher rotational speed

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Effect of armature voltage speed control

SPEED CONTROL of SHUNT DC MOTOR

Inserting a Resistor in Series with the Armature Circuit If a resistor is inserted in series with the armature circuit, the effect is to drastically increase the slope of the motors torque-speed characteristic, making it operate more slowly if loaded. This fact can be seen from the speed equation:

VT RA 2 ind K ( K )

The insertion of a resistor is a very wasteful method of speed control, since the losses in the inserted resistor are very large. For this reason, it is rarely used