CHAPTER 20

Phrases & Clauses

20.1 Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional Phrase a group of words made up of a preposition and a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition). Prepositional phrases can modify other words by functioning either as adjectives or as adverbs within the sentence.

20.1 Prepositional Phrases

Adjective Phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one.
Mary

took lunch in a box. The mansion across the road has been abandoned. Lets take the picture of the Eiffel Tower. France is a country with many charms. We bought tickets for the trip to Paris.

20.1 Prepositional Phrases

Adverb Phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb by pointing out where, when, in what way, or to what extent.
She

ran with speed. They were happy at the French caf. The Loire Valley is rich in historical buildings. The French exchange student arrived late for class. In the afternoon, we walked to Notre Dame.

20.1 Prepositional Phrases

France is situated above the Iberian Peninsula. During an avalanche, an alpine village vanished. The painting of the palace in the museum is old. The runner dashed past the spectators. France has miles of coastline. A French painting of great beauty hung in the palace.

20.1 Appositives

Appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain it. They generally immediately follow the words they identify, rename, or explain. Commas if set off by commas they are nonessential to the sentence. If they dont have commas then they are essential to the sentence.
Her

greatest attribute, charm, was not enough. The artist Monet was a great French painter. Jacques, our guide, told us about French People.

20.1 Appositives

Appositive Phrase is a noun or pronoun with modifiers, placed next to a noun or pronoun to add information and details. The modifiers within an appositive phrase can be adjective, adjective phrases, or other groups of words functioning as adjectives.
Amethyst, a purple birthstone, is the gem for February. Ernest Hemingway, a famous author, wrote in a terse style. The chef prepared escargots, a small dish. Store the onions in the cellar, a cool, dry place.

20.1 Verbal Phrases Participles

Participle is a form of a verb that can act as an adjective. Present participle verbs ending in ing (walking) Past participle verbs ending in ed (walked) Answer the questions what kind or which one about the nouns or pronouns that they modify.
The

hiker favored his aching ankle. Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work. Irmas shining eyes betrayed her excitement.

20.1 Verbal Phrases

Verb or Participle? Verbs show action, a condition, or that something exists while a Participle acts like an adjective a modifies a noun or pronoun.
The

god is snarling at the plumber. The snarling dog attacked the plumber. Delighted, the audience applauded. The mimes delighted their audience. The French people have experienced increasing prosperity since the 1940s.

20.1 Participial Phrases

Participial Phrases a participle modified by an adverb or adverb phrase or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective.
Traveling

quickly, we saw much of the French countryside. The tourist, confused by the signs, got lost. The boy standing by the bus stop is Craig. The mural painted in 1497 is almost beyond repair. Painted in 1497, the mural is Leonardos masterpiece. There is Craig, standing by the bus stop.

20.1 Gerunds

Gerund form of a verb that acts like a noun

Eating

is my favorite pastime in France. The French people make visiting a pleasure. Mr. Mendozas lecture gave traveling a new dimension. Brandys profession, advertising, is very competitive. Their well-behaved dog showed signs of careful training.

20.1 Gerund Phrases

Gerund Phrase is a gerund with modifiers or a complement, all acting together as a noun.
Arguing

about grades will get you nowhere. Answering quickly is not always a good idea. Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem. The French teacher tried giving her students praise.

20.1 Verbs, Participle or Gerund?

Words ending in ing that act as nouns are gerunds. They dont have helping verbs, nor do they act as adjectives.
Kevin

is yawning at his desk. The yawning boy was very tired. Yawning is contagious. Reading is a popular pastime. Reading newspapers and magazines, the commuter waited for the metro.

20.1 Infinitives

Infinitive a form of a verb that generally appears with the word to and acts as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. When they are used as a noun, they can be used in any part of a sentence (just like a gerund).
To understand requires maturity and acceptance. The peasants of France decided to rebel. The French soldiers only hope was to surrender. Our flight from Paris was about to leave. You have only one choice, to stay. The children showed a willingness to cooperate. Some people were unable to fight.

20.1 Infinitive Phrases

Infinitive Phrase an infinitive with modifiers, complements, or a subject, all acting together as a single part of speech.
Jeffreys

entire family likes to rise early. To skate on the ice without falling was not easy for him. He hated to leave the city of Lyon. They promised to show us the slides from their trip to France. I would like her to determine her own goals.

20.1 Infinitive or Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional Phrase always ends with a noun or pronoun. Infinitives always end with a verb.
The

French soldier listed to the command. The generals purpose in the army is to command. When I am in Paris, I like to drive. I travel is very easy in France. There are many different ways to tour. The subway will take you to every part of the city.

20.2 Clauses

Independent Clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence. They contain both a subject and verb.
That woman teaches Latin. Mudslides will engulf these hillside villas, and some will be ruined.

Subordinate Clause although it has a subject and verb, it cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence; it can only be part of a sentence.
Brian asked to be excused from studying because he was ill. The woman to whom I introduced you teaches Latin. Unless the rain stops soon, mudslides will engulf

20.2 Adjective Clauses

Adjective Clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one. They usually begin with a relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom, or whose) or a relative adverb (before, since, when, where, or why). All of these words relate the clause to the word it modifies.
I

finished reading the book that you loaned me. We gave the story, which we found fascinating, a second read.

20.2 Adjective Clauses

Keep in mind the idea of essential vs. nonessential when looking at the subordinate clauses.
Spring

is the time when peppers make their shrill evening sound. Our trip to Italy ended with a visit to the town where my parents were born. Jean McCurdy, who studied three hours every evening for a month, won the statewide competition. The Roman Empire, which achieved greatness, had humble beginnings.

20.2 Adjective Clauses

Relative Pronouns & Adverbs even though they connect the adjective clauses to the word that they modify, they also play a role within their clause. An introductory word can be understood.

The movie that is playing now is a comedy.

Clause that is playing now Subject - _____ Verb - _______

The movie we saw last night was a documentary.

Clause (that) we saw last night Subject - _____ Verb - _______ Direct Object - ______

The movie in which Tony appeared was a hit. He is an actor whose work I admire. I remember the day when they began filming.

20.2 Adverb Clauses

Adverb Clause modify verbs, adjective, adverbs, or verbals by telling where, when, in what way, to what extent, under what condition, or why. All adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions.
Tricia seemed happy wherever she was. Faster than the eye could follow, the race car sped away. Drive a car if you do not wave a license is illegal. Laughing until he gasped for breath, Fred could not speak. Before the year was over, Caesar made plans to march into Rome.

20.2 Adverb Clauses

Elliptical Adverb Clause is a clause in which the verb or subject and verb are understood but not actually stated.
She

resembles their father more than he. She resembles their father more than him. My little brother is now as tall as I. The story appealed to me more than them. The tour was more exhausting than informative.

20.2 Noun Clauses

Noun Clause is a subordinate clause that acts as a noun. In a sentence, a noun clause may act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, object of the preposition, or appositive.
Whoever is last must pay a penalty. Please invite whomever you want. His manner gave whoever met him a shock. Our problem is whether we should stay here or leave. Use the money for whatever purpose you chose. The occupied country rejected our plea that orphans be cared for by the Red Cross.