Antepartu

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Anatomy and Physiology of
Female and Male
Reproductive System
• Gynecology- study of female
reproductive organ.

• Andrology- study of male

reproductive organ.
External Structures of the
Female Reproductive
System
Mons veneris- is a pad of adipose
tissue located over the symphysis
pubis, the pubic bone joint. It is
covered by coarse curly hairs.
Labia minora- just posterior to the
mons veneris spread two folds of
connective tissue, the labia minora.
Normally, the folds of the labia
minora are pink; the internal surface
is covered with mucous membrane,
the external surface with skin.
Labia Majora- two folds of adipose
tissue covered by loose connective
tissue and epithelium; they are
positioned lateral to the labia minora.
Vestibule- flattened, smooth surface
the labia.
Clitoris- small (approx. 1-2 cm)
rounded organ of erectile tissue at
the forward junction of the labia
minora.
Skene’s Glands- (paraurethral glands)
Bartholin’s Glands- (vulvovaginal
glands) located lateral to the vaginal
opening on both sides.
Fourchette- ridge of tissue formed by
the posterior joining of the labia
majora
Perinial body- a muscular area which is
easily stretched g childbirth to allow
the enlargement of the vagina and
passage of the fetal head
Hymen-is a tough but elastic
Vulvar Blood Supply- the blood supply
of the external genitalia is mainly
from pudendalartery and a portion of
the inferior rectus artery
VulvarNerve Supply- the anterior
portion of the vulva derives its
nerves supply from the ilioguinal and
genitofemoral nerves (L1 level). The
posterior portion and vagina are
supplied by the pudendal nerve (S-3
level).
Organs of the Female
Reproductive systems
Ovaries- the function of the two
ovaries (the female gonads) to
produce, mature and discharge
ova(the egg cells).The ovaries are
approximately 4 by 2 cm. in diameter
and approximately 1.5 cm. thick or
are the sizes and shape of almonds.
They are grayish white in color and
appear pitted or with minute
indentations on the surface.
• Fallopian Tubes- arise from
each upper corner of the
uterine body and extend
outward and backward so
that each opens at the distal
end next to an ovary.
Fallopian tubes are
approximately 10 cm in
length in a mature woman.
Four Separate Parts of
Fallopian Tube

4.Instertitial portion
5.Isthmus portion
6.Ampulla portion
7.Infundibular portion
• Uterus- hollow, muscular, pear-
shaped organ located in the lower
pelvis; posterior to the bladder and
anterior to the rectum. With
maturity, a uterus is approximately 5
to 7 cm long, 5 cm wide, and its
widest upper part 2.5 cm deep. A no
pregnant uterus weighs approx. 60g.
The function of the uterus is to
receive the ova from the fallopian
tube; provide a place for
implantation and nourishment during
 Three Divisions of Uterus

1. The body or corpus- uppermost

part and forms the bulk of the
uterus. The lining of the cavity is
continous with that of the
fallopian tubes, which fuse as its
upper aspects. The portion of the
uterus between the points of
attachment of the fallopian tubes
2. Isthmus- short segment
between the body and the
cervix. In the no pregnant
uterus, it is only 1 to 2mm in
length.
3. Cervix- lowest portion of the
uterus. It represents
approximately 1/3 of the total
uterus size or is
 Uterine and Cervical Coats

4.Inner one of mucous

membrane
5.Middle one of muscle fibers
6.Outer perimetrium sheath
Uterine Deviations
3.Anteversion
4.Retroversion
5.Anteflexion
6.Retroflexion
• Vagina- hollow, musculo
membranous canal located posterior
to the bladder and anterior to the
rectum. It extends from the cervix of
the uterus to the external vulva. Its
function is to act as the organ of
intercourse and to convey sperm to
the cervix so that sperm can meet
with the ovum in the fallopian tube
with childbirth, it expands to serve as
the birth canal.
Breasts- located anterior to the
pectoral muscle and in many
women. Breasts tissue
extends well into the axilla.
Pelvis- serves both to support
and protect the reproductive
and other pelvic organ.
Male Reproductive
system
Male External Structures
Scrotum- rugated, skin-covered,
muscular pouch suspended from the
perineum. Its function is to support
the testes and help regulate the
temperature of the sperm.
Testes- two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm
wide, that lie in the scrotum.
Penis- composed of 3 cylindrical
masses of erectile tissue in the penis
shaft: two termed the corpus
cavernosa, and a third termed the
corpus spongiosum.
Male Internal Structures
Epididymis- seminiferous tubule of
each testis leads to a tightly coiled
tube.
Vas deferens- an additional hollow tube
surrounded by arteries and veins and
protected by a thick fibrous coating.
Seminal vesicles- two convoluted
pouches that lie along the lower
portion of the posterior surface of the
bladder and empty into the urethra
by way of the ejaculatory ducts.
Ejaculatory ducts- pass through the
prostate gland and join the seminal
vesicles to the urethra.
Prostate gland- chestnut-sized gland
that lies just below the bladder.
Bulbourethral glands- two bulbo
urethral or cowper’s glands lie beside
the prostate gland and empty by
short ducts into the urethra.
Urethra- hollow tube leading from the
base of the bladder, which after
passing through the prostate gland,
 Common
Teratogens and
 Teratogen
• - Any factor, chemical or physical
that adversely affects the fertilized
ovum, embryo or fetus.
 Effects of Teratogens
on Fetus

3. Strength of the teratogen

4. Timing of the teratogenic
5. Teratogen’s affinity for specific
tissue
Teratogenic Material
Infection

- Can involve either sexually

transmitted or systemic infections.
Organisms that cross the placenta
can be viral, bacterial or protozoan
 TORCH
- TORCH screen is an immunologic
survey to determine whether these
infections exist in either the pregnant
woman or the newborn.
T- oxoplasmosis
0- ther viral diseases
R- ubella
C- ytomegalovirus
H- erpes simplex virus
 Taxomoplasmosis

- A protozoan infection, is spread

commonly through contact with
uncooked meat, although it may also
be contracted through handling cat
stool in soil.
 Effect
Mother
• Malaise
• Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy

Fetus
• Central nervous system damage
• Hydrocephalus
• Microcephaly
• Intracerebral calcification
• Retinal deformities
 Rubella
- Also called as German measles
 Effect
Mother
• Mild rash
• Mild systemic illness

Infant
• Deafness
• Motor and mental challenges
• Cataracts
• Cardiac defects
• Small for gestational age
 Cytomegalovirus

- Member of herpes virus family, that

can cause extensive damage to a
fetus while causing a few symptoms
in a woman
- Transmitted by droplet infection from
person to person
 Effect
Infant
• Neurologically challeged
(hydrocephalus, microcephaly)
• Eye damage
• Deafness
• Chronic liver disease
• The child’s skin may be covered with
“blueberry- muffin” lesions
Herpes Simplex
Virus
 Syphilis

- Treponema pallidum (causative

spirochete)
- Sexually transmitted infection
 Effect
Infant
• Deafness
• Cognitive challenge
• Osteochondritis
• Fetal death
 Thalidomide
- Anti-cancer drug for use particularly
with patients with multiple myeloma
Effects
Environmental
Teratogens
Radiation
Effects