Functions

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 Constants , Variables & Functions

• What is the value of

5?
X?
Profit ?
Sales ?
7+8 ?
Imports ?

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 Costants , Variables & Functions

Constant Variable

• A quantity which • A quantity which

does not change its can assume any
value through out a value out of any set
set of mathematical of given values.
operations. • Variables are
• Constants are denoted as
denoted as x, y, z etc.
a, b, c etc.

Exerci
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 How to express the Relationship ?

• Relationship between Hours of study and Marks

obtained

• Relationship between Number of advertisements

and Sales

• Relationship between Expenditure and Profit

• Relationship between Rain and Crop yield

Exerci
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 Functions
• Function
describes how
the value of one
quantity depends
on the value of
another quantity.
• Function is a Mark obtained
depends on the hrs.
rule which of study
assigns to each Mark – Dependent variable
number from Hrs. of Study – Independent
one set to Variable
Mark is the function of Hrs.
exactly only one of study
number in Mark = f ( Hrs. of
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 Formulating a function
• Mark = f ( 10 times of Hrs. of study
)
• Assume Mark= y
Hrs. of study = x
then formula for the Mark and Hrs. of
study relation is
Mark = f ( 10 times of Hrs. of study )
y = f (x) = 10x
or
f(x) = 10x
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 Dependent & Independent
Variables - Quiz

• Find the dependent

, Independent
variable & Formula
for function :
• Number of
advertisements and
Sales
• Expenditure and
Profit
• Rain and Crop yield
Exerci
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 Domain & Range of Functions

Set - Set -
X Y
2 20
4 40
6 60
8 80
Function is a rule which
assigns to each number
Y=
10 X 90
from one set to exactly
only one number in Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in
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another set.
 Domain & Range of Functions -
Quiz

If Domain= 0,1,2,3,4
Set - X
Find the range of Y= 3x+1
Set - Y
0 1
1 4
If Domain= 0,1,2,3,4 2 7
3
Find the range of Y= 2x-5 10
4 13
Exerci
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 Functions -Quiz

• Examples of Functions
• Whether the following are
functions or not
• Y= 2x +3
• Y= 0.3x-7
3. Y= -6x+1
• F(x)= ax+b 4. Y < x + 2
• F(x)= -89x + 90
5. Y= X2
6. X = Y2 - 1
7. Y > x + 2

Exerci
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 Functions - Exercise
1. Let f (x)= -3x-8 3. A contractor estimates
find that the total cost of
building x large houses is
• 1. f (0)
approximated by
• 2. f(-1) A(x) = X2 + 80x + 60
• 3. f(5) A(x) is the cost in thousand
rupees
2. Let f (x)= 5X2 -2x Find the cost of building
+1 find 5. 4 Houses
• 1. f (1) 6. 10 houses
• 2. f(3)
3. f(m)
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se 11
 Graphical representation of
Function
Y

M Y= 10
ar X
k
s
O
bt
ai
n X
e
Hr. of
d 8/5/2009 Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in
study
Exerci
12
 Which of the following is

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 Which of the following is

If a vertical line
cuts the graph in
more than one
point, then the
graph is not the
graph of a

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 Types of Functions
1. Linear Functions
2. Quadratic Functions
3. Polynomial Functions
4. Exponential Functions
5. Logarithmic Functions

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 Structure of Different Types of
Functions

Exerci
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 Linear Functions - Quiz

• Find out whether the

following are linear
equations or not
Any equation of • Y= 5x-8
the form Y=
• Y= -6-4x
mX+c is a linear
function. This • Y= -x
function forms a • Y= -x-5 + 2g -7b
• Y= 8
• Y= xy+c
• X=y-5c
Exerci
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 Sketching Linear Functions

Two
Two
points
points
are
are required
required
to drawtoa s

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 Sketching Linear Function

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Exerci
19
 Sketching Linear Functions

Two points are

required to draw a
Linear function

These two points

Two
are called
points
X-
are
intercept , y-
required
intercept .
to s
(2,20),(4,40), (6,60)

The numbers that

multiply x & y are
called Coefficients
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 FIND INTERCEPTS & LINEAR EQUATION

Y = 2X + 5
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Y= 2x
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 Interpretation of Linear Functions

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 Interpretation of Linear Functions

Y2 – y1

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 Find the gradient of the following
Functions - Quiz

1) Y = 2x + 3
2) Y = -4x – 2
3) Y = 2x
4) Y =2
5) 2x + 3y = 6

Exerci
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 Applications of Linear Functions
• Cost Function
• Revenue Function
• Profit Function
• Break-Even Point

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 Applications of Linear Functions

• Cost Function Cost of production = Variable cost +

Fixed Cost
• Cost function is the cost of • Cost of 0 clock:
producing x units of goods
C(0) = 12*0 +100
• Cost function C(x) = Fixed
cost + variable cost = Rs. 0 + 100
• Suppose that the cost of • Cost of 1 clock:
producing a clock can be C(1) = 12*1 +100
approximated by the = Rs.12 + 100
linear function C (x) = 12
x + 100, C(x) is the cost • Cost of 2 clocks:
in rupees to produce x C(2) = 12*2 +100
clocks.
= Rs.24 + 100
Find the cost of producing • Cost of 3 clocks:
:
C(3) = 12*3 +100
• 1. 0 clock
= Rs.36 + 100
• 2. 1 clock Marginal cost = cost of producing
• 3. 2 clocks one additional clock
• 4. 3 clocks = Variable cost
• 5. 4th clock = Slope of the linear
equation = 12 Exerci
• 5. Marginal cost
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Marginal cost = Variable cost =
26
 Applications of Linear Functions

• Cost Function - Cost of production = Variable cost

+ Fixed Cost
Exercise • Y= 12 +x
• Write the cost function , Variable cost =1
variables:
Marginal cost =1
Fixed cost = 12
• Car rental firm • Y= 2x+45
charges Rs. 12 plus Variable cost = 2
Rs.1 per hour
Marginal cost =2
• Taxi charges Rs. 45 Fixed cost = 45
plus Rs. 2 per mile • Y= 3 + 5x
• Parking charges Rs. 3 Variable cost = 5
plus Rs. 5 per hour Marginal cost = 5
Fixed cost = 3
Exerci
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 Applications of Linear Functions

• Revenue For a certain magazine Cost

of production is C(x)= 0.20 x
Function +1200, Revenue is R(x)= 0.5x
where x is the number of
• Total amount of magazine sold. Find the Break-
money generated Even point
from the sale of x
units of goods. • C(x) = 0.20 x + 1200
• Revenue R (x) = Sales R(x) = 0.50 x
* Price
• Profit Function Break-even point will be at
C(x) = R(x)
• Total amount of
money available from
C(x) = R(x)
sales after deducting
cost 0.20x+1200 = 0.50x
1200= 0.30x
• Profit = Revenue- cost
x = 1200/ 0.3
• Break-Even point
x= 4000
• Company make no
8/5/2009 Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in Exerci
28
 Quadratic Functions
Any equation of the • Find out whether the
form Y= following are quadratic
equations or not
aX2+bX+c
• Y= 5x-8
is a Quadratic
function. This • Y= -6-aX2
function forms a • Y= X2
• Y= -x-5X2
• Y= 8X3-5X2-x +8
• Y= 6890
• -5X2-x = y-5c

Exerci
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Sketching Quadratic Functions

8/5/2009 Y = X2 Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in Y=- Exerci

30
2
 How do Quadratic Equations
arise ?
Revenue R (x) = Sales
* Price
• If price = x-2 then
R (x) = sales (x ) *
(x-2)
R ( x) = -2x + X2

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 Quadratic Equations

The curve crosses the • Solve -3x +2 + X2

X axis at
A= 1, b= -3 , c=2
X= 3 ± √
9-8 2

X= 2
The Quadratic curve
turns at :

Exerci
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 Differentiation

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 Applications of Differentiation

• Marginal Cost
• Marginal Revenue
• Maximum Profit
• Minimum cost

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 Rates of Change

Function Rates of Change

• Relationship between Hours of study • How Marks obtained changes with

and Marks obtained respect to Hours of study

• Relationship between Number of • How saleschanges with respect to

advertisements and Sales Number of advertisements

• Relationship between Expenditure • How profit changes with respect to

and Profit Expenditure

• Relationship between Rain and Crop • How Crop yield changes with

yield respect to Rain

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 Differentiation & Derivative

• The process of finding

derivatives of a function
is called differentiation
• The gradient of a Y2 – y1
function is Derivative.
• The rate at which the
value of a function
changes with reference
to the independent
variable is Derivative
• Change in y
Change in x
Derivative is written as
dy
dx
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 Finding Derivative Graphically
The The slope
gradient of of the
a function tangent to
is the
Derivative. function is
Derivative.

-6 6

Tangent at
x=2
4 8-0
-4
=8
-2 2

2-0
=2
8/5/2009 Derivative
Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in
Slope at x=2 is : (8-
0)/(2-0) =4 37
 The Easy way

Finding
Derivative
using
formula is
very easy

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 Rules of Differentiation – First
Derivative of a constantOrder
c =0 c - is constant 5. Quotient Rule
(U/V) = -
V
2. Power Rule
v2
( U, V are not
xn =n xn- constants )
1 6. Sum Rule

3. Product Rule ( U+V ) +

=
+
( UV ) ( U, V are not
=v constants )
( U, V are not
4.constants )
Multiple
Rule( UV ) Exerci
=
8/5/2009
( U is a
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 Rule-1: Derivative of a constant- Quiz
Rule-1: Derivative of a
constant
(2590 )
c =0 c - is constant =0

Find the derivative of the (33.45 )

Following: =0

1. 2590
(-790 )
2. 33.45
=0
3. - 790
4. 0.09
5. -800 (0.09 )
=0

(-800 )
=0

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 xn = n xn-
1
Rule-2: Power Rule :
Rule-2: Power Rule Quiz
xn = n xn- (X2) = 2X2-1n = (+
1 = 2 X1) 2
Find the derivative of the
Following: =2X
(X3) = 3 n=
3) X2 X3-1 (+)
4) X3 =3 3
5) X4 X2
6) X5 (X-3 ) = - 3 n = (- )
7) X X-3-1 3
8) X-3 = -3
9) 2X3 X-4
10)1/x2
11)-2X-4
12)904

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 ( U+V ) +
Rule-3: Sum Rule :=
Quiz
Step-1 : Find out the
Format
{ U = (+ ) X2 , V =
Find the (+ ) X3 }
derivative of (X2 + X3
the ) xn = n xn-
Step-2 : Apply the 1
Following:
suitable formula X X
(X2 + X3 + 3
3)X2 + X3 )=
2

Step-3 : Apply the power rule on

5) X3 - X4 thr right side
(X2) = 2X2-1
X
7) X4 + 1/x2 (X2 + X3 + 3
= 2 X1
)=
9) X5 - X-3 =2X
xn = n xn-
1 = 2x (X3) = 3 X3-1
11)904 - 2X-4 + = 3 X2
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= 2x + 42
 ( U+V ) +
Rule-3: Sum Rule :=
Quiz
Step-1 : Find out the
Format
{ U = (+ ) X3 , V =
Find the (- ) X4 }
derivative of ( X3 - X 4 )
the
Following: Step-2 : Apply the
suitable formula X X
3) X2 + X3 (X3 - X4 ) 3 - 4
=
Step-3 : Apply the power rule on
5)X3 - X4 thr right side
(X3) = 3X3 -1
X
(X3 - X4 )
= 3 X2 -
7) X4 + 1/x2 4
=
9) X5 - X-3
=3 (X4) = 4 X4 -1
11)904 - 2X-4 X2 - = 4 X3
8/5/2009 Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in
= 3 X2 _ 4 X3 43
 Differentiation - Applications
Marginal Revenue
Marginal Cost
Rate of change
Maximum Profit
Minimum Cost
Slope of the tangent line

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 Differentiation - Applications
Marginal Cost
The cost of manufacturing x thousand barrels of
beer in rupee is
C(x) = 4 X2 + 100x + 500 , find the marginal cost of
manufacturing 5 thousand barrels of beer.
Step-1: Find the derivative of cost function
C(x) = 8X + 100

Step- 2: Substitute x with 5

C’(5) = 8*5 + 100
= 140
The cost of producing 5 000 barrels of
beer is Rs. 140/-
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 Differentiation - Applications
Marginal Cost
The cost of manufacturing x Radiators in rupee is
C(x) = X3 -6X2 + 15x when 8 to 30 radiators are
produced. Now your shop produces 10 radiators
a day. How much extra will it cost to produce one
more radiator a day ?
Step-1: Find the derivative of cost function
C(x) = 3X2 -12X + 15

Step- 2: Substitute x with 10

C’(5) = 3*100 – 12(10) + 15
= 195
The additional cost will be Rs. 195/-
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 Differentiation - Applications
Marginal Revenue
The revenue from the sale of x thousand barrels of
beer in rupee is R(x) = 10 X2 + 800x , find the
marginal revenue of selling 5 thousand barrels of
beer.
Step-1: Find the derivative of cost function
C’(x) = 20x + 800
Step- 2: Substitute x with 5
C’(5) = 20*5 + 800
= 900
The revenue in selling 5 000 barrels of
beer is Rs. 900/-

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 Finding Maximum & Minimum
A function f (x) is maximum at x=c if f’(c) =0
and f’’ ( c ) < 0
A function f (x) is minimum at x=c if f’(c) =0 and f’’
(c)>0
Step-1 : Find the derivative of the function : ( f’(x) )
Step-2 : Find the x value by equating f’(x) = 0
Step- 3 : Again Find the derivative of f’(x) : ( f’’(x) )

Step- 4 : If the second derivative ( f’’(x) ) is negative ,

then the function f(x) will be maximum at the
value of x found at step-2. Or else if f’’(x) ) is
positive , then the function (x) will be minimum
at the value of x found at step-2.
Step- 5 : Maximum value or Minimum value of the
function can be found by substituting x value found
in 8/5/2009
step -2 in the original function f ( x )
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 Finding Maximum Profit- Exercise
Step-1 : Find the derivative of the function :
( f’(x) )
Step-2 : Find the x value by equating • Step-1: P’(x) = 80
f’(x) = 0
Step- 3 : Again Find the derivative of -2x
f’(x) : ( f’’(x) )
Step- 4 : If the second derivative • Step-2 : 0 = 80- 2x =
( f’’(x) ) is negative , then the function
f(x) will be maximum at the value of x
4 X = 40
found at step-2. Or else if f’’(x) ) • Step-3 : P’’(x) = -2
is positive , then the function (x) will be
minimum at the value of x found at • Step-4 : P’’(x) is
step-2.
Step- 5 : Maximum value or Minimum negative . Hence Profit
value of the function can be found
by substituting x value found in step -2
will be maximum at 40
in the original function f ( x ) advertisements
• Step-5 : The is :
The profit P(x) due to advertising x
numbers , in rupees is given by P(40) = 120+80 *40 –
P(x)= 120+80x- X2. (40*40)
2. What amount of advertising fetches
• MaximumProfit = Rs. 1720
maximum profit ?
3.8/5/2009
What is the maximum profit ?
Manavazhaganr@bsnl.in 49
 Finding Minimum Cost - Exercise
Step-1 : Find the derivative of the function :
( f’(x) )
Step-2 : Find the x value by equating
f’(x) = 0 • Step-1: C’(x) = 2X-
Step- 3 : Again Find the derivative of
f’(x) : ( f’’(x) ) 1200
Step- 4 : If the second derivative • Step-2 : 0 = 2x
( f’’(x) ) is negative , then the function
f(x) will be maximum at the value of x -1200
found at step-2. Or else if f’’(x) ) X = 600
is positive , then the function (x) will be
minimum at the value of x found at • Step-3 : C’’(x) = 2
step-2.
Step- 5 : Maximum value or Minimum • Step-4 : C’’(x) is Positive
value of the function can be found
by substituting x value found in step -2
. Hence cost will be
in the original function f ( x ) minimum if we produce
The cost of manufacturing cricket ball is
600 balls
C(x)= X2 - 1200X+ 360040. x is number
of balls produced.
• Step-5 : The cost per
ball if we produce 600
3. How many balls should be balls is :
produced at which the cost is C(600) = (600*600)-1200
minimum ?
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4. What is the cost per ball at this
 Integration

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 Integration
• Integration is the • The antiderivative of a
reverse process of function f is written as
differentiation :
• If f(x) is a function
having derivative ∫ f(x) dx
f’(x) then
antiderivative of The process of finding ∫
f’(x) is f(x) f(x) dx
• Derivative of cost Is called Integration.
function is marginal
cost function, so the ∫ - Integral sign
antiderivative of F(x) - integrand
marginal cost
function is cost dx – indicates we are
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 Rules of Integration
1) ∫xn dx= xn+1 + C
n+1

2) ∫ k * f(x) dx= K* ∫f(x)dx

4) ∫ f(x) + g(x) dx= ∫f(x)dx + ∫g(x)dx

6) ∫x-1 dx = ∫ 1/ x dx

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 Integration - Exercise

∫xn dx= xn+1 + C 1) Find ∫ dx

n+1
∫x0 dx = x0+1 + C
2) Find ∫x3 dx 0+1

∫x3 dx = x3+1 + C
3+1
∫x0 dx = x1 + C
1
∫x3 dx = x4 + C ∫x0 dx = x + C
4

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 Applications of Integration

• Finding Cost function using

Marginal Cost function
• Finding Revenue function using
Marginal Revenue function
• Maximum Profit when marginal
revenue is given

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