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Industrial Microbiology
Bread
Bread has been produced by man for thousands of years and is one of few foods common to many societies
The basic concepts of bread and breadmaking have been modified to suit:
- the prevailing quality of raw materials - the culinary habits - the nature of the society in which it is consumed
Bread
Bread
The production of bread occurs at differing levels of sophistication from simple earthenware pots and ovens to large computer-based industrial bakeries
The baking of bread on a large scale in societies demanding high rates of productivity has created an industry to produce yeast for bread-making The yeast industry has been estimated to produce approximately 430,000tons of bakers yeast (on a dry weight basis) per annum
Bread
Bread in its most simple form uses only flour, yeast, salt and water as ingredients Good quality bread can be made using only these ingredients, as is proved by the famous French baguette Several other ingredients are commonly used in baking and the ingredients interact with one another and the baking process to produce the texture, crumb structure, crust and flavor expected of any particular variety
Bread
Bread Ingredients
Wheat flour for breadmaking contains 11.013.0% protein of which gluten is the most important Gluten is responsible for the internal structure of bread and its elasticity and extensibility Flour contains a low level of fermentable monoand disaccharides
Bread Ingredients
Maltose is released from damaged starch granules during the breadmaking process The starch is not simply a source of fermentable CHO but also dilutes gluten to an optimal level, absorbs water and stretches as gas cells in the dough expand and set to form a gas-permeable membrane
Bread Ingredients
The effect on gluten can be desirable or not depending upon the production conditions or strength of the flour Salt may be used at levels of 4%
At low concentration it enhances gas production, at high levels it deteriorates the yeast activity
Bread Ingredients
on preference Sucrose is hydrolyzed by the yeasts extracellular invertase very rapidly Yeast will only ferment glucose or fructose during the baking process
Bread Ingredients
Bread improvers may consist of oxidizing and reducing agents, pH regulators, emulsifiers and enzymes that produce soft textures, improve shelf life and induce rapid fermentation Oxidizing agents make the dough more firm and elastic and allow it to extend more as it is leavened
Bread Ingredients
Ammonium salts, phosphates and sulphates are often used as they provide nutrients necessary for the growth of yeast Salts of fatty acids such as calcium propionate or acids such as vinegar are often used as mold inhibitors at levels up to 300ppm in the finished product
Bread Ingredients
Yeast and its actions on the other bread ingredients distinguish bread from other bakery products that may contain similar ingredients
Breadmaking Practices The major difference in breadmaking practices is the length of time elapsing between the mixing of the ingredients and the entry of the dough into the oven The choice of breadmaking process depends upon: - the quality of the available raw materials (especially flour and yeast)
Breadmaking Practices
The aim of the breadmaking process is to develop the dough from the initial assemblage of ingredients to a structure that is acceptable as bread
In the simplest process-the instant process- all ingredients are mixed and after a short time the dough is ready for the oven Relatively high levels of yeast are used and the proofing temperatures are in the range 35-40oC so that the rate of gas production can match the development of the dough
Breadmaking Practices
Longer processes are divided into the singlestage fermented dough processes and the multistage sponge and dough processes
Fermented doughs are made in a manner similar to instant doughs except that the development of the dough is not dependent upon chemical developers Yeast is used at lower levels than in instant doughs and is allowed to ferment for varying periods
Breadmaking Practices
Breadmaking Practices
Sponge and dough methods are two-stage methods in which most of the water is used in the first stage but a smaller proportion of flour is used
There are an infinite number of variations to this process as all ingredients may be added in varying proportions to either the sponge (1st stage) or dough (2nd stage)
The yeast is very active in the sponge state but little growth takes place
Breadmaking Practices
Breadmaking Practices
The proof time is affected by the temperature, the quantity of yeast present and the prior processing steps
The baking process is critical to achieving the required crumb structure, flavor, and crust color Microbiologically it is significant because all yeast is killed at the internal temperature of the bread reaches 100oC