Optical Communication

Guided Communication Standards, Concepts, System Design,

Hardware Experiments, Software

Experiments and Simulation, Networks and Recent Trends

Optical Communications
3 D visualization Virtual reality SGI 16 processor Parallel computer Router SGI image processor Router NEES Imaging

OXC
OLS router

OXC
OLS router

HDTV Camera Environmenta l Monitoring

PC cluster

OXC
OLS router

Worldwide Fiber Deployment

Optical Fiber

Deploying Fiber at Mach 3

Fiber is deployed at a rate of 2000 miles every hour

Anchorage, AK

Service Network
(Tier 1 Internet Service Provider)
Spokane

Seattle

Portland

Portland

Minneapolis St. Paul

Chicago
Milwaukee Rolling Glenview Meadows Grand Rapids

Syracuse Rochester Wayne

Albany

Cambridge

Sacramento

Detroit

Buffalo

Plymouth Salt Lake City San Francisco

Philadelphia
Altoona Cleveland Pittsburgh Silver Springs Columbus

Framingham Providence Stamford Providence Bridgepor White t Plains Hartford

NYC

Omaha Kansas City

San Francisco

Las Vegas Denver Indianapolis

Baltimore Arlington Cincinnati

Newark Hamilton Square New York

Cedar Knolls Rochelle Pk

Wash.DC
Richmond

City

Oakland

San Jose Redwood City Colorado Springs

St Louis

Louisville Raleigh

Los Angeles
Sherman Oaks Honolulu Los Angeles Garden a San Bernardino Anaheim Albuquerque Oklahoma City Nashville Tulsa

Charlotte

Little Rock Columbia

San Diego

Phoenix
Dallas
Ft. Worth

Gateway Node Backbone Node

Atlanta

Remote GSR Access Router Remote Access Router Concentrator Node (C9000)
Austin Houston
New Orleans

Jacksonville

Orlando

Tampa Ojus

N X DS3 N X OC3 N X OC12 N X OC48 N X OC192

Fort Lauderdale Miami

Lightwave Evolution
1975: Coax, 274 Mb/s at 1km repeater spacing 1980: 0.8 um GaAs lasers, MMF, 45 Mb/s @ 10km 1987: 1.3 um InGaAsP lasers, SMF, 1.7 Gb/s @ 50km 1990s: 1.55 um InGaAsP DFB lasers, SMF, 2.5-10 Gb/s @ 40km 1990s: WDM, 1.55 um InGaAsP DFB lasers, EDFA, SMF, 2.5-10 Gb/s @ 300-10,000km repeater spacing 2002: 64 WDM chx 10Gbps over 250,000 km span

Optical Communication (Handout)

Concept of field propagation in optical fibresOptical Confinement, cutoff condition, single mode/multimode concept 2(T) Concept of field absorption, scatteringloss,Fibre loss, linear scattering 2(T) Concept of pulse broadening and bandwidth limitation Dispersion in fibres 2(T) Concept of dispersion reduction and B.L optimization. Zero dispersion concepts, DSF, DFFClass discussions Ch.3 (R2) Non linear effects in optical fibres SRS,SBS,SPM,XPM,FWMClass, 3.4 (R1)

Concept of semiconductors sources LED & ILD 5.3 (R1), 3 (T) Concepts of optical gainLaser modes, laser action, mode selection 3(T),9.2 (R4) Concept of high speed S.C lasers Chirping control, mode selectionClass, 6.6 (R2) Concept of ElectoOptic effectPockel effect & Kerr effect based devices 17 (R3) Concept of Acousto-Optic effectRaman & Bragg modulators, deflectors 17 (R3) Concepts of Transmitter design.Coherent light wave TransmittersClass, 10 (R4)

Concept of performance issues of transmitters Reliability, Testing, chirping and performance studyClass notesConcept of photo detectionPIN,APD, MSM. 6(R1),4(T) Concept of optical receiverReceiver design, S/N Estimation, Digital optical receivers10(T) ClassDo Digital receiver sensitivity (Coherent receivers)6.36.4(R1) 10(T)Concept of receivers performanceDesign issues, S/N and BER optimization. 10(T),6.4, 6.5 (R1) Concept of receivers overviewPractical receiver discussionClass, 11 (R4),10(T) Concept of Semiconductor laser amplifierSLA,6(T)Concept of active fibre amplifiers SRA, SBS 6(T) Concepts of Doped fibre amplifiers EDFA 6(T), Class notes Concept of light wave amplifier systems.Design and application of amplifiers Ch.6 (T)

Concept of light wave communication systemsDesign issues of communication systemsClassConcept of design Power penaltyPower penalty estimation and reduction approaches .5.4 (T) Concept and design guide-lines for optical linkPower penalty considerations and link budget. 5.4 (T)Concept of optical network and system architectures Different topologies used in optical network8 (R1),6(R3) Concept of Optical Networks Optical LAN , WANS, SONET/SDH8 (R1),6(R3) Concept WDM light wave system Channel spacing decision, multipliers, design issues 8(T)Concept of WDM system components couplers/routers/switches 8(T)Do

Optical filters and Concepts of WDM Transmitters/Receivers Practical Transmitters /ReceiversClass,12.2 (R4)Concept of WDM system performance Linear and Non linear effects8(T)Concepts of WDM Networking WDM Network routing/management8(R3)Concept of time division multiplying Optical TDM techniques.7.4 (R1)Concept of soliton communication Soliton Generation19 (R2), 9(T)7.10 (T) Soliton Interaction 9(T) High capacity soliton systems and jitter reduction 9(T)Concept of WDM soliton system Soliton Multiplexing techniquesClass notesTo learn new development in optical communication New trends in optical communicationR3,Class notesDo Networking, communicationR3,Class notes

Test I 50 mts. 20 Test II 50 mts. 20

OB CB

Seminar / Lab Assignments (10+10) Compre.Exam. 3hrs 40 OB/CB

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

SUBSYSTEMS (TRANSMITTER,CHANNEL,RECEIVER)

SYSTEM COMPONENTS(CONNECTOR,COUPLER,FILTER, SWITCH,ROUTER,ISOLATOR etc.)

COMPONENET CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING SUBSYSTEM INTEGRATION & SYSTEM DESIGN SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION & APPLICATION

Telecommunication T1, 24 DS0 multiplexed=1.544Mbps T2 , 4 T1 multiplexed = 6.312Mbps T3, 7T2 multiplexed =44.736 Mbps

T4, 6T3 multiplexed =274.176 Mbps

Optical Carrier OC-1 SONET signal hierarchy

OC-1 STS-1 (Synch. trans. Level-1) 51.84Mbps

OC-3 STS-3 OC-12 STS-12 OC-24 STS-24 OC-48 STS-48 155.52Mbps 622.08 Mbps 1244.16 Mbps (STM-1/SDH) (STM-4) (STM-8)

2488.32 Mbps STM-16

OC-96 STS-96 4976.64 Mbps STM-32 OC-192 STS-192 9953.28 Mbps STM-64

OPTICAL CHANNEL Optical waveguide Optical Fibers Operating Window Types of fibers ( major)

Graded Index / Step Index

Multi Mode /Mono Mode

Wave guide specifications parameters

Numerical Aperture (NA) Index Profile ( -profile)

Relative Index ()
Core parameter ( u ) Cladding Parameter ( w)

Normalised Frequency (V)

Propagation vector() Normalised Propagation Constant(b)

PMD delay

Dispersion Properties
Dispersion curve Group velocity /phase velocity Pulse dispersion Inter modal Intra modal Group index Material Dispersion Wave Guide Dispersion

Spectrum for communication

Signal propagation

Chromatic dispersion

TDM

WDM

TDM/WDM

Multi channel WDM system

Optical Attenuation in fibers

Usual repeater

Optical amplifier ( EDFA)

Raman Amplifier

Raman amplification

Optical channel impairments

Signal attenuation

Four wave Mixing

FWM

Raman Scattering

Dispersion parameters

Channel power ( OSA )

Channel measurements ( DWDM)

OSA Scan ( DWDM)

System Optimization

Trouble shooting

Optical Fiber

Light confinement

nSin0=n1Sin; Sin=n2/n1; NA= n1(2)1/2 ; T=L n12/cn2

Field modes

Mode diameter

Microbending Curve loss

DSF

Dispersion parameter D