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Sustaining Wild Species

G. Tyler Millers Living in the Environment MATES

Chapter 22

Key Concepts
Human effects on biodiversity Importance of biodiversity

How human activities affect wildlife


Management of wildlife

Human Impacts on Biodiversity

Fig. 22-2 p. 561

Increasing Biodiversity
Physically diverse habitat Moderate environmental disturbance Small variations in conditions Middle stages of ecological succession

Decreasing Biodiversity
Environmental stress Large environmental disturbance Extreme environmental conditions Severe limiting factors Introduction of alien species

Geographic isolation

US Diversity

Fig. 22-3 p. 562

Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity

Species approach
Ecosystem approach
Fig. 22-5 p. 563

Species Extinction
Local extinction

Ecological extinction

Biological extinction

Endangered and Threatened Species


Endangered species Threatened (vulnerable) species

Rare species

Fig. 22-7 p. 564

Florida manatee

Northern spotted owl (threatened)

Gray wolf

Florida panther

2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Bannerman's turaco (Africa)

Extinction Risks
Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics Population viability analysis
Minimum viable population Minimum dynamic area

Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566)

Extinction Rates
Background (natural) rate of extinction
Mass extinction

Adaptive radiations

Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?

Instrumental value
Intrinsic value
See Spotlight p. 571

Fig. 22-10p. 569

Causes of Depletion of Wild Species


Human population growth

Failure to value the environment or ecological services


Increasing per capita resource use

Increasing use of Earths primary productivity


Poverty

Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species Habitat degradation

Introduction of non-native species


Fig. 22-12 p. 572

Threats from Nonnative Species


Arrival Roles of nonnative species Examples (p. 576)
See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579

Fig. 22-19 p. 579

Other Extinction Threats


Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants
Climate Change and Pollution

Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches


Bioinformatics International Treaties: CITES National Laws: Lacey Act Endangered Species Act

Habitat conservation plans

Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach


Wildlife refuges and protected areas Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms Zoos and Aquariums

Wildlife Management
Laws regulating hunting and fishing
Harvest quotas

Population management plants


Improving habitat

Treaties and laws for migrating species

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