LOAD FLOW CALCULATIONS

Prof. Hani Obeid

The load flow calculation is an important tool in the Design and analysis of power system. The important questions to be answered, given a specified Load condition, are: What are the line, transformer, and generator loads throughout The system? What are the voltages throughout the system?

In answering these questions we can easily evaluate the Proposed changes to an existing system, such as: New generation sites Projected load growth New transmission line location Interconnection with other systems Various load conditions, such as peak and off-peak The impact of losing major components (lines, transformers, or generators).

Circuit Analysis Versus Load Flow Analysis

In two busbar system assume that generators power and Voltage are specified. Then:

Now, consider that the generator voltage and the power At the load busbar are specified, then:

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The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig, 6.5

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BUS CLASSIFICATIONS

Two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining Two quantities are to be obtained through solutions of Equations.

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The system buses are classified into three categories:

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BUS ADDMITTANCE MATRIX

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BUS LOADING EQUATIONS

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From eqs. (3) and (4), we get:

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GAUSS-SEIDAL ITERATIVE METHOD

4-bus system Bus 1 is considered as slack bus, where voltage magnitude & Its angle are known. In this case, n=4 and slack bus s=1, from eq. (60 we can write:
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In Gauss-Seidal method , the iteration will take the following form:

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From Eq. (5), we get:

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Separating real & imaginary part of Eq. (8)

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For P-Q buses, the real & reactive powers

and

Are known. Starting with initial values of the voltages, a set of voltage equations Can be solved iteratively. For the voltage controlled buses , where

And are specified, first Eq. (10) is solved for:

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Where

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Computation of line flows and losses

Consider the line connecting buses I and k. the line and Transformer at each end can be represented by a circuit With series addmittance and two shunt addmittances and
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When the taps of a transformer are set to its nominal ratio The transformer is represented by a single series impedance. When the taps are off-nominal, adjustments have to be made As follows.

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Fig. 6.10 a Equivalent circuit of transformer with off-nominal tap ratio. Transformer series admittance on non-tap side.

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Fig. 6-10-b The section to represent transformer with off-nominal ratio.

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Steps to solve power flow analysis

1. Represent the system by its one line diagram. The point of this is to identify all the buses in the system. 2. Convert all quantities to per unit. 3. Draw the impedance diagram. 4. Obtain the Y-Matrix.

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