DBMS

Basic concepts

Overview of Lecture
Introduction to the course Database definitions importance of databases Introduction to File Processing Systems Disadvantage of File Processing Systems Advantages of the Database Approach

Introduction to the course

This course is first (fundamental) course on database management systems. The course discusses different topics of the databases. We will be covering both the theoretical and practical aspects of databases. As a student to have a better understanding of the subject, it is very necessary that you concentrate on the concepts discussed in the course. Areas to be covered in this Course

Areas to be covered in this Coursecon

Database design and application development: How do we represent a real world system in the form of a database? This is one major topic covered in this course. It comprises of different stages, we will discuss all these stages one by one.

Areas to be covered in this Coursecon

Concurrency and robustness: How does a DBMS allow many users to access data concurrently, and how does it protect against failures? Efficiency and Scalability: How does the database cope with large amounts of data?

Areas to be covered in this Coursecon

Study of tools to manipulate databases: In order to practically implement, that is, to perform different operations on databases some tools are required. The operations on databases include r ight from creating them to add, remove and modify data in the database and to access by different ways. The tools that we will be studying are a manipulation language (SQL) and a DBMS (SQL Ser ver).

Database definitions:
Definitions are important, especially in technical subjects because definition describes very comprehensively the purpose and the core idea behind the thing. Databases have been defined differently in literature. We are discussing different definitions here, if we concentrate on these definitions, we find that they support each other and as a result of the understanding of these definitions, we establish a better under standing of use, working and to some extent the components of a database.

Definitions
Definition 1 A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. The term database is often erroneously referred to as a synonym for a database management system (DBMS).

Definitionscon
Definition 2 A collection of data: part number s, product codes, customer information, etc. It usually refers to data organized and stored on a computer that can be searched and retrieved by a computer program.

Definitions..con
Definition 3 A data structure that stores metadata, i.e. data about data. More generally we can say an organized collection of information. Definition 4 A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific purpose. (A telephone book is a common database.) A computerized database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.

Definitions..con
Definition 5 An organized collection of information in computerized format. Definition 6 A collection of related information about a subject organized in a useful manner that provides a base or foundation for procedure es such as retrieving information, drawing conclusions, and making decisions.

Definitions..con
Definition 7 A Computerized representation of any organizations flow of information and storage of data.

Definitionscon
Each of the above slides definition is correct, and describe database from slightly variant perspectives

Data, Database DBMS

What are mean by Data?

Simply the facts or figures. Following table shows the things and the data that we may want to store about them:
Thing Scholars Movies Vehicle Player Data Name, date of birth, age, country, field, books published etc Name, director, language (Urdu in default case of pak) etc Registration number, make, owner, type, price etc Country, name, DOB, matches played, runs etc

What are mean by Database

Database is a collection of related data that are shared together by various categories of user to cater the information needs of an organization

DBMS(Database management system)

DBMS is a software system which allows users to interpret, create, update, arrange, manages and maintains the database. DBMS also controls data access in the database

Database, DBMS
Database Application

DBMS
Database

User

 Database system is an overall system which consists of database, DBMS, application program and users with all of them integrating as one unit

Examples of Database System

Flight Ticket Booking System Library Book Loan System Patient Database System

Data: any information

Manufacturing University Hospital Bank

Product data Student data, courses Patient data, facilities Account data

Database: a large collection of data an integrated collection of data Database management system: a software system that provides an efficient as well as convenient environment for accessing data in a database.

Importance of database
Databases are important; why? Traditionally computer applications are divided into commercial and scientific (or engineering) ones. Scientific applications involve more computations, that is, different type of calculations that vary from simple to very complex Today such applications exist, like in the fields of space, nuclear, medicine that take hours or days of computations on even computers of the modern age

Importance of database..con
On the other hand, the applications that are termed as commercial or business applications do not involve much computations, rather minor computation but mainly they perform the input/output operations. That is, these applications mainly store the data in the computer storage, then access and present it to the users in different formats (also termed as data processing) for example, banks, shopping, production, utilities billing, customer services and many others.

Importance of database..con
In order to manage the commercial applications more efficiently databases are the ultimate choice because efficient management of data is the sole objective of the databases. So such applications are being managed by databases even in a developing country like Pakistan, yet to talk about the developed countries. This way databases are related directly or indirectly almost every person in Society.

File Processing system

File processing system store data in separate computer files File processing system is a system used to store and manage data that involves each department or area within an organization having its own set of files, often creating data redundancy and data isolation.

File processing System example

File Name STUDENT COURSE LECTURER Content student_id, name, address, course_code, department course_code, courses name, staff_no, schedule (room_no, day and time) staff_no, name, address, designation, department staff_no, name, address, salary, allowance, deductions, birth_date, date_start_of_service, designation, department

STAFF

File

Application

Output Student Timetable

STUDENT Course Scheduling COURSE

List of Class

Registrar Department

COURSE Lecturer Scheduling LECTURER Lecturer Timetable

Dean Office
Salary slip

STAFF

Salary

Financial Department

Salary Cheque

File Processing systemcont

A file processing system is a way to store data in separate computers. They have a bunch of disadvantages as they duplicate data easily by storing information in separate places which can lead to a lesser file integrity because the files can end up with different information on them. There are a number of other problems such as problems with program interaction with another program's files. Everything is very separate which leads to heavy maintenance on such a system and lengthy development times.

Disadvantages of File Processing system

File processing system store data in separate computer files Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include: Program-Data Dependence. File descriptions are stored within each application program that accesses a given file.

Duplication of Data. Applications are developed independently in file processing systems leading to unplanned duplicate files. Duplication is wasteful as it requires additional storage space and changes in one file must be made manually in all files. This also results in loss of data integrity. It is also possible that the same data item may have different names in different files, or the same name may be used for different data items in different files.

Disadvantages of File Processing systemcon

Limited data sharing. Each application has its own private files with little opportunity to share data outside their own applications. A requested report may require data from several incompatible files in separate systems. Lengthy Development Times. There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts. Each new application requires the developer to start from scratch by designing new file formats and descriptions Excessive Program Maintenance. The preceding factors create a heavy program maintenance load. Integrity Problem. The problem of integrity is the problem of ensuring that the data in the database is accentuate.

 Disadvantages of a file processing system

Repetitive Data
Data Redundancy
Repeated data in more than one file

Data Inconsistency
Updated/modify in a certain file, but not in other file

Lack of Data Integrity

Hard for data standardization, e.g. naming file, field

 Data Isolation
No logical relation hard to retrieve the information that requires combination of two or more files Less data sharing

Data Format Dependency

File format change need to be updated in the operation manual
course_code from field size 6 change to 8

 File Incompatibility
Lecturers file in faculty MySQL Students file in HEA MS Access

Difficulty in Representing Organization Data

Lack of standardization between department

 Database system The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. Advantages of DBMS? Redundancy is controlled. Unauthorized access is restricted. providing multiple user interfaces. Enforcing integrity constraints. Providing backup and recovery

Database System
Database Application Output
Student Timetable
Student Scheduling STUDENT COURSE STAFF DBMS Lecturer Scheduling List Of Class

Lecturer Timetable

Salary

Salary Slip

____

Salary Cheque