In the name of

Almighty
ALLAH
Nouns & Pronouns
 Noun is the name of a person, place, a thing
or etc.
Or
 A word which denotes to a person, place,

thing, or etc is called a noun.

 Kinds of Nouns
 Gender of Nouns
 Cases of Nouns
 Number of Nouns
 Count Nouns and

Noncount Nouns
1. Proper Nouns: particular
2. Common Nouns: common/general
3. Collective Nouns: singular in form, plural in
meaning
4. Compound Nouns: N+N, G+N, N+G,
N+P+N
5. Material Nouns:
6. Abstract Nouns:
1. Masculine
2. Feminine
3. Common
4. Neuter
1. Subjective/Nominative
2. Objective/ Accusative
3. Dative/ Object of Preposition
4. Possessive
5. Vocative
2. Count Nouns:
Count Nouns refer to such nouns which can be
counted. Cont Nouns are preceded by a/an, the,
one, two, three & etc.
2. Noncount Nouns:
Noncount Nouns usually refer to a whole group of
things that is made up of many individual parts.
For example, some common Noncount Nouns are
furniture, mail, money, fruit, and jewelry.

Note: Noncount Nouns are not preceded by a/an,

one, two, three, etc and they don’t have plural
forms.
1. Singular
2. Plural
1. To make most nouns plural, add –s.

Singular Plural
one bird two birds
one street two streets
one rose two roses
2. Add –es to nouns in –sh, -ch, -ss & -x.

Singular Plural
one dish two dishes
one match two matches
one class two classes
one box two boxes
3. If a noun ends in a consonant +-y, change
the “y” to “i” and add –es.
Singular Plural
one baby two babies
one city two cities

If –y is preceded by a vowel, add only –s:

boys, days, keys
4. The plural form of nouns that end in –o is
sometimes –oes and sometimes –os

Singular Plural
one tomato two tomatoes
one zoo two zoos
one zero two zeroes/zeros
-oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,
echoes, mosquitoes

-os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos,

sopranos, photos, autos

-oes/-os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/ volcanos,

tornadoes/ tornados
5. If a noun ends in –f/-fe, change ending to –
ves.

Singular Plural
one knife two knives
one life two lives
one shelf two shelves

Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.

6. Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
Singular Plural
one foot two feet
one goose two geese
one man two men
one mouse two mice
one tooth two teeth
one woman two women

s.
7. The plural form of some nouns is the same
as the singular form.
Singular Plural
one deer two deer
one fish two fish
one sheep two sheep
one offspring two offspring
one species two species
one police two police
8. Some nouns that English has borrowed
from other languages have foreign plurals.

Singular Plural
one bacterium two bacteria
one cactus two cacti
one crisis two crises
one phenomenon two phenomena
What is a pronoun?

A pronoun refers to a noun. It is used in place

of a noun.
Subject Pronouns:

First Person Singular: I

First Person Plural: we
Second Person Singular: you
Second Person Plural: you
Third Person Singular: he, she, it
Third Person Plural: they
Object Pronouns:

First Person Singular: me

First Person Plural: us
Second Person Singular: you
Second Person Plural: you
Third Person Singular: him, her, it
Third Person Plural: them
 Possessive  Possessive Pronouns
Adjectives ◦ Mine
◦ My ◦ Ours
◦ Our ◦ Yours (singular)
◦ Your (singular) ◦ Yours (plural)
◦ Your (plural) ◦ His, hers, its
◦ His, her, its ◦ theirs
◦ Their
A friend of + possessive nous/pronoun is a
special idiomatic expression. It is used to
identify another person as one friend
among many friends.

 Do you know Ali? He is a friend of mine.

 We ate dinner with a friend of Ahmad’s.
myself
ourselves
yourself/yourselves
himself
herself
itself
themselves
Another:
Another means one more out of a group of
similar items.
Example:
There is a large bowl of apples on the table.
Paul is going to eat one apple. If he is still
hungry, he will eat another apple. There
are many apples to choose from.
another+ singular noun (adjective)
another+ one (adjective)
another+ Ø (pronoun)
The Other:
The other means the last one in a specific
group, the only one that remains.
Example:
There are two apples on the table. Paul is
going to eat one of them. Sara is going to
eat the other apple.
the other+ singular noun (adjective)
the other + one (adjective)
the other + Ø (pronoun)
Other(s):
Other(s) means several more out of a group of
similar items.
Example:
There are many apples in Paul’s kitchen. Paul
is holding apples. There are other apples in
a bowl.
other+ plural noun (adjective)
other+ ones (adjective)
others+ Ø (pronoun)
The Other(s):
The other(s) means the last ones in a specific
group, the remains from a given number of
similar items.
Example:
There are four apples on the table. Paul is
going to take one of them. Sara is going to
take the other ones.
the other+ plural noun (adjective)
the other + ones (adjective)
the others + Ø (pronoun)
 ADJECTIVE PRONOUN

SINGULAR another another

PLURAL other others

SINGULAR the other the other

PLURAL the other the others