Introductio to:

Splanchnology

Composition:

Alimentary system Respiratory system Urinary system Reproductive system Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvis cavities All of then communicate with external environment through some orifices or channels

Characters of viscera

Reference lines of thorax

Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior axillary line Post axillary line Midaxillary line Scapular line Posterior median line

The abdominal regions

Nine regions Left and right hypochondriac region, epigastric region L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical region L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region

Four quadrants

Left and right upper quadrants Left and right lower quadrants

The Respiratory System

Composition

Respiratory tract Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Trachea lower respiratory tract Bronchi Lungs-paired organs of respiration Function: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

The Nose
External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae of nasi Nasal cavity divided into two halves by nasal septum

Two parts:

Divided by limen nasi Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity

Boundaries

Roofcribriform plate of ethmoid Floorhard palate Medial wallnasal septum Lateral wall

Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior Sphenoethmoidal recess

Remove the middle nasal conchae Semilunar hiatus Ethmoidal infundibulum Ethmoidal bulla

Mucous membrane of nose

Olfactory region: located upper nasal cavity, above superior nasal conchaecontains olfactory cells Respiratory region : its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air

The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose
Name of sinus
Frontal sinus Maxillary sinus Sphenoid sinus Ethmoidal sinuses anterior group middle group posterior group

Site of drainage
Middle meatus via infundibulum Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus Sphenoethmoidal recess Middle meatus Middle meatus Superior nasal meatus

Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

The Larynx
Positionsituated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C4 to C6

Layngeal cartilages
Thyroid cartilage Shield-shaped cartilage Laryngeal prominence at base of thyroid notch Superior thyroid notch, superior and inferior cornua Cricoid cartilage Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring) Arch of cricoid cartilageat level of C6 Larnina of cricoid cartilage

Arytenoid Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold Muscular process Epiglottic cartilage leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue

Laryngeal joints cricothyroid joint cricoarytenoid joint Laryngeal ligaments and membrane Thyrohyroid membrane extending from hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage

Quadrangular membrane

Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages Lower free border forms vestibular ligament Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages Upper free border forms vocal ligament Median cricothyroid ligment may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction

Conus elasticus

Cricotracheal ligament between cricoid

cartilage and first ring of trachea

Muscles of larynx

Increasing tension on the vocal ligamentcricothyroid Decreasing tension on the vocal ligamentthyroarytenoid Opening the glottisposterior cricoarytenoid Closing the glottis cricoarytenoid

Laryngeal cavity
Aperture of larynx bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

Structure features Two pairs of shelf like folds :

Vestibular folds Vocal folds Rima vestibulithe Fissure of glottis

Two fissures

Inter membranous part anterior 3/5, between vocalfolds Inter cartilagrnous part posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages

Three parts

Laryngeal vestibule
Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli Tubercle of epiglottis Intermedial cavity of larynx Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis Ventricle of larynx a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side Infraglottic cavity extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

The Trachea

Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi Structure features Consists of about 1620 Cshaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency connected by smooth muscle and connective Carina of trachea ridge of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi

Bronchi
Right principal bronchus

Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left , is about 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line of the middle line of trachea at 2225o angle Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right is about 5cm long, leaves the extend line of the middle line o trachea at about 3536o angle

Left principal bronchus

The Lungs
Position: located in the thoracic
cavity by both sides of mediastinum General features Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower Apex of lungrises 2 3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck Baseconcave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface Costal surfacelarge, convex, related to thoracic wall

Medial surfaceconcave, related to

mediastinum and vertebrae

Hilum of lung area on medial

surface where structures in root enter or leave lung

Root of lung

Contents

Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Nerves and lymphatics

Surrounded by connective tissue Order of structures in the root of lung

From before backward: V.A. B. From above downward: R.B. A. V. L.A. B. V.

Borders

Posteriorblunt Inferior sharp Anteriorsharp

cardiac notch lingual in left lung

Lobes and Fissure Right lung

Two fissures : horizontal an oblique Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior One fissure : oblique Two lobes : superior and inferior

Left lung

Bronchial tree
Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

Bronchopulmonary segments

Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of pulmonary artery The veins lie both in and between segments

The Pleura
General features

Serous membranes forming closed sacs Two layers

Visceral pleuraadheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung Parietal pleuralines the thoracic cavity

Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed potential spacepleural cavity

Contains a small amount pleural fluid Subatmospheric pressure in it

Named parts of parietal pleura

Cupula of pleura extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 23cm above the medial third of clavicle Costal pleura lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest Mediastinal pleura Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung Diaphragmatic pleura Lines diaphragm

Pleura recesses
potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration Costodiaphragmatic recesse are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity Costomediastinal recess on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura

The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae

Lower border Midclavicular lines Midaxillary lines Sides of the vertebral column

Lungs Pleura

6th rib 8th rib

8th rib 10th rib

10th rib 12th rib