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Thymus glandular organ near the heart where T cells learn their jobs
Bone marrow blood-producing tissue located inside certain bones
blood stem cells give rise to all of the different types of blood cells
Lymph nodes small organs that filter out dead cells, antigens, and other stuff to present to lymphocytes
Lymphatic vessels collect fluid (lymph) that has leaked out from the blood into the tissues and returns it to circulation
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
While your immune system was developing, you were protected by immune defenses called antibodies. These antibodies traveled across the placenta from the maternal blood to the fetal blood. Antibodies (Y) are also found in breast milk.
The antibodies received through passive immunity last only several weeks.
reign invaders - viruses, bacteria, allergens, toxins and 5 rasites- constantly bombard our body.
Innate Immunity
- invariant (generalized) - early, limited specificity - the first line of defense
Adaptive Immunity
- variable (custom) - later, highly specific - remembers infection
INNATE IMMUNITY
When you were born, you brought with you several mechanisms to prevent illness. This type of immunity is also called nonspecific immunity. Innate immunity consists of: Barriers Cellular response
phagocytosis inflammatory reaction NK (natural killer) and mast cells
Soluble factors
Chemical
sweat tears saliva stomach acid urine
Neutrophils release chemicals that kill nearby bacteria pus = neutrophils, tissue cells and dead pathogens
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Phagocyte migration
CELLS alive!
Neutrophils and macrophages recognize chemicals produced by bacteria in a cut or scratch and migrate "toward the smell". Here, neutrophils were placed in a gradient of a chemical that is produced by some bacteria. The cells charge out like a "posse" after the bad guys.
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Macrophages
WBCs that ingest bacteria, viruses, dead cells, dust most circulate in the blood, lymph and extracellular fluid
they are attracted to the site of infection by chemicals given off by dying cells
after ingesting a foreign invader, they wear pieces of it called antigens on their cell membrane receptors this tells other types of immune system cells what to look for
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CELLS alive!
This human macrophage, like the neutrophil, is a professional "phagocyte" or eating cell (phago = "eating", cyte = "cell"). Here, it envelops cells of a yeast, Candida albicans. After ingestion, the white cell must kill the organisms by some means, such as the oxidative burst.
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Neutrophils
WBCs are phagocytic, like macrophages
neutrophils also release toxic chemicals that destroy everything in the area, including the neutrophils themselves
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CELLS alive!
Human neutrophils are WBCs that arrive quickly at the site of a bacterial infection and whose primary function is to eat and kill bacteria. This neutrophil ingesting Streptococcus pyogenes was imaged in gray scale with phase contrast optics and colorized.
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NEUTROPHIL
YEAST
CELLS alive!
One way that neutrophils kill is by producing an antibacterial compound called superoxide anion, a process called oxidative burst. Here, an amoeboid human neutrophil senses, moves toward and ingests an ovoid yeast. In the next two panels, oxidation can be seen by using a dye, and is colorized here.
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complement plays a role in inflammatory responses of both the innate and adaptive immune responses
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INNATE IMMUNITY
Cellular response Inflammatory response (contd)
The release of histamine and prostaglandin causes local vessel dilation resulting in: more WBCs to site
INNATE IMMUNITY
Cellular response
Inflammatory response (contd)
Fevers have both positive and negative effects on infection and bodily functions
POSITIVE indicate a reaction to infection stimulate phagocytosis slow bacterial growth
increases body temperature beyond the tolerance of some bacteria
decreases blood iron levels
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NEGATIVE extreme heat enzyme denaturation and interruption of normal biochemical reactions
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Mast cells
are found in tissues like the skin, near blood vessels. are activated after antigen binds to a specific type of antibody called IgE that is attached to receptors on the mast cell. activated mast cells release substances that contribute to inflammation, such as histamine.
mast cells are important in allergic responses but are also part of the innate immune response, helping to protect from infection.
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CELLS alive!
Human neutrophils released into the blood "commit suicide after only 1 day. A neutrophil (left) undergoes apoptosis, a series of changes including violent membrane blebbing and fragmentation of DNA. Apoptotic cells break into smaller pieces called apoptotic bodies that other body cells recognize and eat.
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Your moms antibodies were effective for just a short time at birth, but your innate immune system can be activated quickly. It is always your first line of defense during an infection, but it cant always eliminate the germ. When this happens, your body initiates a focused attack against the specific pathogen that is causing the infection. This attack may lead to long-term protection against that pathogen.
This type of immunity is called adaptive immunity, the customized second line of defense.
reign invaders - viruses, bacteria, allergens, toxins and rasites- constantly bombard our body. 27
Innate Immunity
- invariant (generalized) - early, limited specificity - the first line of defense
1. Barriers - skin, tears 2. Phagocytes - neutrophils, macrophages 3. NK cells and mast cells 4. Complement and other proteins
Adaptive Immunity
- variable (custom) - later, highly specific - remembers infection
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This immunology curriculum and integrated laboratory modules were created by teachers and scientists working together through a grant from the National Science Foundation to the Nanobiotechnology Center in collaboration with the Cornell Institute for Biology Teachers, which is funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Collaborators for this project: Harriet Beck, Wellsville Central School Jim Blankenship, Cornell Institute for Biology Teachers Rita Calvo, Cornell University Jerrie Gavalchin, Cornell University Mary Kay Hickey, Dryden High School Susan Oliver, Dundee High School Jeanne Raish, Avoca Central School Anna Waldron, Nanobiotechnology Center
This material is based upon work supported in part by the STC Program of the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. ECS-9876771. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Permission to use images were secured by the NBTC from various sources:
KUBY IMMUNOLOGY by Richard A. Golsby and Thomas J. Kindt and Barbara A. Osborne. 1992, 1994, 1997, 2000 by W.H. Freeman and Company. Used with permission. 2001 From Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Fifth edition by Charles A. Janeway, Paul Travers, Mark Walport and Mark Shlomchik. Reproduced by permission of Routledge, Inc., part of The Taylor & Francis Group. 2000 From The Immune System by Peter Parham. Reproduced by permission of Routledge, Inc., part of The Taylor & Francis Group. Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc., www.DennisKunkel.com CELLS alive! www.cellsalive.com Mike Clark, www.path.cam.ac.uk/~mrc7/