DNA VIRUSES

DNA ENVELOPED /
DNA NON ENVELOPED
VIRUSES
 DNA ENVELOPED
VIRUSES
• HEPADNAVIRUS :Icosahedral, DS,
incomplete circular DNA
Eg Hep B virus
• HERPESVIRUS: Icosahedral, DS, Linear DNA
Herpes simplex virus (HSV),
Varicella zoster (VZ) ,
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• POXVIRUS: Complex virus, DS, Linear
eg: smallpox, vaccinia virus
 HERPES VIRUS
• Important human pathogens:
– HSV 1
– HSV 2
– V-Z (Varicella zoster)
– CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
– EBV (Ebstein Barr virus)
– Human herpes virus 8
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Large
• ICOSAHEDRAL
• Lipoprotein envelope
• Linear, ds DNA
• Doesn’t have Polymerase
• Replicate in nucleus
• Envelope from nuclear membrane*
• Latent infection
 Virus Replication
(enveloped virus)
• 1. Attachment
– Binding Sites must match receptor sites on
host cell
• 2. Penetration
– Endocytosis (phagocytosis)
• 3. Uncoating
– separation of the Viral Genome from the
capsid
 Virus Replication
(enveloped virus)
• 4. Biosynthesis
– Genome Replication
– Transcription
– Translation
• 5. Assembly
– Virus particles are assembled
• 6. Release
– Budding
 Herpesviruses
• Alpha herpesvirus – HSV 1 & 2 , VZ ---
epithelial cells ,neurons
• BETA herpesvirus – CMV , Human
herpesvirus 6--- variety of tissues
• Gamma herpesvirus – EBV, , Human
herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma) –
lymphoid cells.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) 1&2
• HSV 1 – vesicular lesions above the
waist
» Gingivostomatitis (primary lesion)
» Recurrent herpes labialis
» Keratoconjunctivitis
» Encephalitis (temporal lobe)
» Herpetic whitlow– pustular lesion on fingers &
hands of medical personnel esp dentists.
» Herpetes gladitorum– wrestlers.

Site of latency – cranial sensory ganglia

Transmission– respiratory / saliva
• HSV 2 – vesicular lesions below waist
genital herpes
neonatal herpes
aseptic meningitis

site of latency – lumbar / sacral

sensory ganglia
Transmission– sexual contact / perinatal
infection
Herpes Simplex
 LAB DIAGNOSIS
• Isolation of virus
• ELISA / Flourescent antibody
• Tzanck smear of infected skin–
multinucleated giant cells.
• PCR – spinal fluid – in encephalitis
TREATMENT
Acyclovir
 VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS
(VZV)
• Chickenpox – primary disease
• Zoster (shingles) –recurrent
• Humans – natural host
• 1 serotype
• Transmission – respiratory droplets / direct
contact with the lesions
• Highly contagious
• Childhood
• worldwide
 VZV
• INFECTS mucosa upper respiratory tract
--- blood ----- skin– vesicular rash
• Multinucleated giant cells & intranuclear
inclusions ---- base of lesions
• Latent virus – dorsal root ganglia
(cytoplasm) – later nerve pain + skin
lesions
• Life long immunity
 VZV
• CLINICAL FEATURES
• 14-21 days incubation
• Prodrome
• Papulovesicular rash in crops on trunk –head
& extremeties
• Papule– vesicle –pustule– crust
• Reyes syndrome (aspirin)
• Zoster –pain & vesicles on sensory nerve
root of head or trunk
 LAB DIAGNOSIS
• Clinical diagnosis
• Cell changes (tzank smear)
• Isolation
• Serological Tests
 TREATMENT
• Self limiting
• Acyclovir
• PREVENTION
• Vaccine
 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
• Cytomegalic inclusion disease in neonates
(esp congenital abnormalities)
• Pneumonia
• Humans – natural host
• 1 serotype
• Transmission – vertical / saliva in young children ,
• Sexual transmission , by blood transfusion, organ
transplantation
• Highly contgaeous
• worldwide
 CMV
• INFECTS many organs in fetus– if mother
has primary infection in pregnancy & no
antibody
• Multinucleated giant cells & intranuclear
inclusions in infected cells.
• Immunocompetent Children & adults –
asymptomatic
• Immunocompromised --- latent state in
leucocyte
 CLINICAL FEATURES
• 20 %-- Cytomegalic inclusion disease:
microcephaly , seizures , deafness,
jaundice ,purpura , hepatospleenomegaly
• Immunocompetant – Heterophil negative
mononucleosis
• Immunocompromised – pneumonia ,
hepatitis
• In AIDS pt – intestinal tract – intractable
diarroea, Retinitis-- blindness
 LAB DIAGNOSIS
• Viral isolation
• FTA (FLOURESCENT antibody test)
• Tissue staining –owl- eye like inclusion
bodies in cells
• PCR
TREATMENT & PREVENTION
• Ganciclover
• No vaccine
 EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV)
• Causes Infectious mononucleosis
• Associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, B cell
lymphomas , Nasopharyngeal
carcinomas, hairy leukoplakia (AIDS).
• Viral capsid antigen*
• Humans –natural host
• Infects B lymphocytes – by receptor site
for C3.
 EBV
• Transmission by exchange of saliva
• Blood transmission – rare
• Worldwide
• Causes Infectious mononucleosis
• Ass with Burkitts lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal Ca, Hairy
cell leukoplakia (AIDS)
• Epithelium & lymphoid tissue of oropharynx – blood – B
cells
• Cytotoxic T cells , Ig M & Ig G against VCA -- immune
• Heterophil antibodies found
• Fever , sore throat, lymphadenopathy, spleenomegaly
 Lab diagnosis
• Atypical lymphocytes
• Immunological tests :
– Heterophil antibody , EBV specific
antibody

TREATMENT & PREVENTION

– No treatment required for Infectious
Mononucleosis
– Acyclovir– high doses– in life threatening
infection
– No vaccine
 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8
• Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS)