CHAPTER 8

GROWTH

Growth
Outline Growth phase Measuring growth Types of growth curves Patterns of growth Ecdysis and Metamorphosis Dormancy

Growth Phases

growth permanent increase in size acquired by organism can be divided into three distinct process i. cell division - basis growth in all organisms ii. cell enlargement - increase in size and volume of cell components iii. cell differentiation - cells begin to differ to form tissue

Measuring Growth

growth can be estimated by measuring length or height, mass, surface area and volume the most often used parameter is wet mass but not accurate and inconsistent dry mass is more accurate because not influenced by body fluid, but need to kill the organisms measuring surface area and volume are easy but only shows physical growth

Types of Growth Curves

The growth curves - organisms measurements plotted against time, growth curve is S-shape or sigmoid - all organisms (excepts insects) shared similar growth curves, consists of 5 phases: i. Lag phase - slowly or no growth occurs, organisms need to adapt to their new environment ii. Log phase - rapid growth, all requirements are enough and no body wastes accumulate

Types of Growth Curves

iii. Linear - growth rate becomes limited because of maturity, decreased in food supply and space iv. Steady - constant growth, cell division rate same as death rate, growth rate is zero v. Stationary - growth is stopped because of senescence, lack of food and space

Phases of Sigmoid Curve

Types of Growth Curves

The absolute growth rate curve (agr) - enables us to express the growth of organisms in terms of growth rate - estimating the increase size during successive intervals of time - in most organisms, agr increase steadily until reaches a maximum, and gradually falls - absolute rate curve is bell-shaped curve

Absolute growth

Types of Growth Curves

Relative growth rate curve (rgr) - percentage growth per day as a function of age - mass increase stated as size percentage obtained at each period of time - growth rate was maximum at the beginning and gradually slow down

Relative growth

Patterns of growth
- generally, patterns of growth for most organisms is sigmoid except for several organisms - can be divided into: i. limited ii. unlimited iii. isometric iv. allometric v. growth in human

Patterns of growth
Limited - only one sigmoid curve and limited growth - most organisms and annual plants - zero growth for newborn, rapid growth for young organisms, followed by steady growth and slows down towards maturity - start with decreased in growth because seed embryo harnesses the food supply, rapid growth because of photosynthesis and dies when reach Winter

Patterns of growth
Unlimited - occur in woody perennial plants - trees continue to grow year after year, mostly occurs in Spring - growth curve is a cumulative sigmoid, each represent one years growth

Unlimited growth

Patterns of growth
Isometric - occurs in organisms such as insect and fish - their organs grow at the same rate as the rest of the body - in insect, shape of nymph same with adult but different in size - insects has exoskeleton, growth only can occurs when they shed their outer layer - increase of time will also increase their size and mass

Isometric growth

Patterns of growth
Allometric - occurs when an organ grows at the different rate from the rest of the body - human, nervous system grow faster for baby than an adult, reproductive organs grow slowly at childhood then a matured person - chimpanzees, jaws grow faster than rest of the head

Patterns of growth
Human growth - have two phases, in infancy and in adolescence - steady growth between the two phases, while adulthood is when growth halts - first phase : continuation of fetal growth period 2nd phase : rapidly during puberty due to action of androgens and estrogens - girls mature earlier than boys and rate of tissues growth in both sexes are varies

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Ecdysis - shedding of the exoskeleton by insects and other arthropods to allow growth

In insects - zygote develops within the eggs into young insects - young insects undergo ecdysis several times before become adults (4-8, some until 30 times) - stage between molts are called instar - after ecdysis, insects are pale, soft and exoskeleton need 1-2 hours to hardens - to grow to their new size, they require air or water

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis
-

- the way that insects develop, grow, and change form can be classify into two groups: i. incomplete ii. complete

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Incomplete Metamorphosis (12% undergo this process) - has 3 stages i. egg - a female insect lays eggs (covered by an egg case, protects the eggs and holds them together. ii. nymph - the eggs hatch into nymphs (looks like small adults, but usually don't have wings) iii. adult - insects stop molting and they have also grown wings.

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Complete Metamorphosis (88%) - has 4 stages i. egg - a female insects lays eggs. ii. larva - hatch from the eggs (do not look like adult insect, usually worm-like shape) - caterpillars, maggots, and grubs - they molt their skin several times and they grow slightly larger.

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

iii. pupa - larvae make cocoons around themselves and don't eat while inside their cocoons. - bodies develop into an adult shape with wings, legs, internal organs, etc (take 4 days to many months iv. adult - inside the cocoon, the larvae change into adults - after a period of time, the adult breaks out of the cocoon.

Incomplete metamorphosis

Complete metamorphosis

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Hormones control - hormones influence molting and metamorphosis - immature insect require a larger exoskeleton, sensory input activates neurosecretory cells in the brain. - these neurons respond by secreting brain hormone which triggers the corpora cardiaca to release prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) - this sudden "pulse" of PTTH stimulates the prothoracic glands to secrete molting hormone (ecdysteroids/ecdisone)

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Hormones control - high level of ecdysone led to biochemical and behavioral changes that cause molting to occur - juvenile hormone is secreted by the corpora allata prior to each molt - this hormone inhibits the genes that promote development of adult characteristics (e.g. wings, reproductive organs, and external genitalia), causing the insect to remain "immature" (nymph or larva).

Ecdysis and Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis in frogs - has three stages of growth [premetamorphosis (50 days), prometamorphosis (21 days) and climaxstage (one week)] - thyroid hormones needed for the larvae to become adults - if thyroid hormones is removed, it will not change into frog - if immature tadpole is fed a thyroid gland, it will become miniature frog

Dormancy
-

during dormancy, growth and development are cease metabolism only just sufficient to keep cell alive dormancy enables an organism to withstand unfavorable condition in plants, dormancy occurs in seeds, buds, spores, eggs and storage organs in animal, dormancy is called hibernation, aestivation and diapauses

Dormancy
Seed dormancy - because of their hard coat, need to be broken or decay before germination - can occurs because lack of oxygen and inhibitors Hibernation - avoiding the necessity to maintain body temperature during winter cold - metabolism drops, so food reserves can be used for a long time - prior hibernation, animals start to stores fats under tissues

Dormancy
Aestivation - seasonal dormancy, same with hibernation but occurs in summer - lungfish, Protopterus and Lipidiseren have mechanism to keep their survival in drying-out swamps by forming a jellylike layer on their lips which allow oxygen to enter - use store fats and muscle tissues for metabolism Diapause - occurs at any stage of insects, may survive for months