Wireless Sensor Networks Using ZIGBEE

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Submitted By

Alok Ranjan
Information Technology Engineering College Bikaner Bikaner - Rajasthan

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Contents
Introduction Advantages of Wireless Sensors Typical Wireless Sensor Hardware Overview of ZigBee Overview of IEEE 802.15.4 Applications

Introduction
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially
distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The WSN is built of "nodes. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting

Advantages of Wireless Sensors

Traditional Sensing Method

Sensors do not have computation ability Sensors do not communicate

Advantages of Wireless Sensors Now, sensors become sensor nodes Nodes process information and communicate it wirelessly
WSN Sensing Method

Power Supply Sensor Communication

collected information

Typical Wireless Sensor Hardware

Microcontroller

Radio Transceiver

Power Supply

Sensor

Typical Wireless Sensor Hardware

Microcontroller

Contains CPU, Memory and

Peripherals on same chip Typically 8-bit or 16-bit Operate at less than 20MHz Memory less than 128kB Low power consumption to ensure long run times

Typical Wireless Sensor Hardware Radio Transceiver

Typically operate in the ISM bands Use various modulation techniques

QPSK, BFSK, GFSK

Low Output Power 0dBm or 1mw Low Range around 10-300 feet

Typical Wireless Sensor Hardware Sensors

Temperature Humidity Atmospheric Pressure Light Acceleration ( Accelerometer ) Angular Rate ( Gyroscope) Strain

Overview of ZIGBEE
Zigbee is a technology developed as a global standard
to comply with the needs of low cost and low power wireless networks. It has been designed with the facility to be able to provide an easy to use wireless solution which creates a secure and reliable network. Ability to support multiple network functions like the point to point or multipoint to point and also the mesh networks as well. It has the direct sequence spread spectrum as well. It also has the ability to run for years without any kind of maintenance and with an automatic meter reading.

Why ZIGBEE ?

Topologies supported are Star, Mesh and Cluster Tree

Regulated by the ZigBee Alliance simpler and less expensive than Bluetooth

Handles aspects such as messaging, configuration, security and application profile layers

Zigbee Device Classes

Zigbee Coordinator (ZC)

Zigbee Router (ZR)

Zigbee End Device (ZED)

Contains just enough functionality to talk to its parent node either ZC or ZR

Most capable device Forms the root of the network tree Acts as repository for security keys

Can pass data from one device to another

How ZigBee Works

States of operation

Devices

Modes of operation

-Active -Sleep

Full Function Devices (FFDs) Reduced Function Devices (RFDs)

- Beacon - Non-beacon

Overview of IEEE 802.15.4

Part of the 802.15 wireless PAN standard Specifies the PHY and MAC layers Created for low data rate and multi-month or
multi-year battery life Targeted Applications
Sensors Interactive Toys Smart Badges Remote Controls Home Automation

Overview of IEEE 802.15.4

16 Channels in 2.4GHz band 250kbps

DSSS used in all bands

IEEE 802.15.4 Specifications

2.4GHz band uses O-QPSK modulation

CSMA-CA channel access Two addressing modes supported

Wireless Technology Comparison

Standard

Bandwidth

Power Consumption
400+mA TX Sleep 20mA 40mA TX Sleep .2mA

Protocol Stronghold Stack Size

100+KB High Data Rate

Wi-Fi

Up to 54Mbps 1Mbps

Bluetooth

100+KB

Interoperability Cable Replacement

Zigbee

250kbps

30mA TX 32KB Sleep .003mA

Long Battery Life, Low cost

Applications

Agricultural

HVAC Systems

Monitoring condition of Machinery

Applications

Home Automation

Area Monitoring

Structural Monitoring ( Bridges, Buildings)

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