ATM Transport & Network Integrity

Tsong-Ho Wu & Noriaki Yoshikai 2000.3

Choong Ho CHO
dept. of Computer Science
Korea University

Contents
1. Broadband Services, Transport and Network control

2. SONET/SDH Transport and Network

Integrity 3. ATM Transport Networks

4. ATM Signaling Networks

5. ATM Network Traffic Management 6. ATM Protection Switching 7. ATM Self-Healing Mesh Networks

Chapter 1
Broadband Services, Transport, and Network Control

Introduction 1/
SONET/SDH : B-ISDN transmission technology STM/ ATM: switching & multiplexing technologies ANSI/T1 : SONET-ATM : ATM cells are transported on the SONET transmission system ITU-T : SDH-ATM : : ATM cells are transported on the SDH system or cellbased transmission system SONET & SDH are similar, but not identical

Introduction 2/
Switching and Multiplexing function of Broadband transport Network can be performed at the SONET Layer using STM or at the ATM Layer Review of the network architecture and technologies for design of costeffective reliable SONET/ATM Network Reliability :
a measure of the service integrity perceived by users QoS at the network layer

Network Integrity issues for SONET/ATM networks, such as congestion control and network restoration
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Business Driver for ATM

The business advantage of ATM
Enabling high-bandwidth applications Coexistence of different types of traffic on single network platform Long-term network scalability and architectural stability Equal implementations on LAN and WAN with protocol independence

Business Drivers for the Computer and Networking Industries

ATM for Desktop ATM25 Interface Cells-In-Frames(CIF) .vs. Switched Ethernet CIF allows ATM to run over existing Ethernet. PC-ATM bus: a media transmission bus that is independent of the existing bus ATM for LANs :
switched Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet cost

ATM for WANs

Internet with explosive growth rate RSVP(Resource ReSerVation Protocol : IETF) is intended to provide QoS necessary for multimedia but it does not address the Capability of network. Only ATM, armed with ABR( available bit rate) design and the new explicit rate flow control, may accommodate QoS for multimedia. 3 principal Market segments exist for ATM technology
Public network infrastructure : PSTN,CATV, WAN ATM LAN : backbone network ATM WAN : enterprise network , VPN

Business Drivers for the Telecommunications Industry

X.25 Packet level

Implemented by End system & network
Implemented by End system but not network Implemented by End system & network

LAPF control LAPF core PL

LAPB / LAPD
PL

X.25

FR
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Business Drivers for the Telecommunications Industry: High-speed data services

Frame Relay(FR) Service connection-oriented data service offering LANLAN communication and other data application at access rates of between 56/ 64 Kbps and 1.544 Mbps packet transmission over telephone company fiber-optic links

It provides a high speed alternative to X.25

FR differs from X.25

A variation of LAPD X.25: 3 layer Packet multiplexing
FR : 2 layer frame multiplexing

FR is based on 2 assumptions
Communications have a very low BER Communications are b/w 2 intelligent devices(error recovery)

Business Drivers for the Telecommunications Industry: High-speed data services

ATM Cell Relay Service(CRS) - Bellcore SR-3330 connection-oriented communication service providing users with high-speed and low-delay networking capability flexible use of bandwidth access rate of 1.544, 44.736, 155.52 Mbps Switched Multimegabit Data Service(SMDS) - 1989 Bellcore MAN service
high-speed, connectionless public switched data service SIP( Interface Protocol) : IEEE 802.6 DQDB MAC DS3(4,10,16,25,34 Mbps), DS1(1.17 Mbps)

Circuit Emulation Service provides transport of Constant-Bit-Rate(CBR) signals ,such as DS1/DS3, over ATM CBR and Variable-Bit-Rate(VBR) video services

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Business Drivers for the Telecommunications Industry: High-speed data services

High-Performance Applications Gigabit network (large data transfer & low latency)

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Business Drivers for the Telecommunications Industry: Video and image distribution
Video Dial Tone(VDT) Services one-way video services: cable TV and pay-perview advanced interactive video services: VoD and interactive games

VDT Service Class

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Business Drivers for the Telecommunications Industry: Enterprise information networking services
LAN Interconnection include FDDI, FR, SMDS and ATM LAN Emulation(LANE) IP over ATM: can send an IP packet over ATM LAN - IETF RFP 1577 LAN Emulation: can send an Ethernet frame and Token-Ring frame over ATM LAN - ATM Forum

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Existing Telecommunications Network Infrastructure

Todays Narrowband Network Infrastructure

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STM Service Transport Networks

Cannel Format for STM Transfer
STM framing Concept

SONET STS-1 Frame- 51.84Mbps

STM switching is performed by TSI STM equipment : DCS cross-connects VT1.5s of 1.728Mbps and/or STS-1s of 51.84Mbps OC-1 is obtained from STS-1 after scrambling and 15 electrical-to-optical conversion

STM Service Transport Networks

SONET/STM System Configuration and Operations

TSI switching concept

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Potential Limitation of SONET/STM Transport Networks

SONET/STM network were originally designed to support private line service and a high-speed transport platform for switched services(for CBR). Unable to accommodate bandwidth-on-demand and multirate transport requirements. Limitation of STM technology The capacity of the connection is constant for the entire duration of the connection, even if the information flow in one or both directions is bursty It is difficult to switch connections of different bit rates, even if various bit rates are exact multiple of basic rate.

ATM technology may alleviate these bandwidth inefficiency and multirate transport.

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Broadband Integrated Service Network Infrastructure

New characteristics of ATM compared with STM nonhierarchical path and multiplexing structure higher Operation and Maintenance(OAM) bandwidth

separation between path assignment and capacity assignment, bandwidth on demand

To maximize saving in the B-ISDN env., ATM transport capability, services, control, signaling and OAM messages are carried by the same physical network, but they are logically separated from each other by using diff. VCs and VPs with diff. QoS requirements

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B-ISDN Transport Network Reference Model

ITU Rec I.321

North America : the PL uses SONET ITU-T : SDH or Cell-based transmission system Basic SONET Building Block is the STS-1(54 Mbps) STS-1,3,12,24,48,192 VC : identifies an end-to-end connection, managed by user VP : a set of VCs having same source & destination , managed by network system

Switching :
SONETs STS path is STM using a hierarchical TSI VPs/VCs use nonherarchical ATM switching concept

Network Rerouting :
STM : through physical network reconfiguration ATM : logical network reconfiguration through update of the routing table
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ATM Protocol Architecture

Management Plane

Plane Management Layer Management

Control Plane Higher Layer Protocols

User Plane
Higher Layer Protocols

Adaptation Layer
ATM Layer Physical Layer

User plane: data transfer (flow control, error control) Control plane: call connection and call control Management plane: coordination b/w all the planes,

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Physical Path vs. Virtual Path

Physical path(STM) - STS path hierarchical structure with fixed capacity of for each physical path Virtual path(ATM) - VP/VC physically nonhierarchical and variable capacity

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Channel Format for ATM

ATM (fixed cell) format

Frame Delimiter OA&M cell1 cell2 cell3 ... cell26

48

48

48

48

48

ATM Cell format

Header 5 bytes

Payload 48 bytes

ATM switching is performed on a cell-by-cell basis based on routing information in the cell header One key : ATM cell can be independently labeled and transmitted bandwidth on demand. ATM cell are Transported through the SONET STS3c (STM-1)or STS-12c(STM-4)
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ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL): ATM Service Classes

Class A:

64 Kbps digital voice, DS1, E1

Class Class

B: C: D: X:

VBR encoded video, audio Frame Relay over ATM, X.25

Class Class

CCITT I.364 (SMDS) over ATM, IP Raw cell service (e.g., proprietary AAL)

AAL protocol
Class End-to-end timing

type5 type1 type2 Type 3/4

Required CBR

Not Required VBR

Bit rate

Connection mode

Connection oriented Connectionless

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ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL): The Types of AAL

AAL Type 1: 47 Bytes cell payload CBR applications

AAL Type 3/4: 44 Bytes cell payload error-free transmission of VBR information ex) connectionless SMDS connection oriented data service
AAL Type 5: 48 Bytes cell payload(I.e.. minimal overhead) VBR data transfer

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ATM Switching Operations

ATM cell switching principal

VCI = 31 VCI = 32 VCI = 31 VCI = 40 VCI = 94 VCI = 97
VPI = 1 VPI = 2 VPI = 3 VPI = 4 VPI = 5

VCI = 55 VCI = 57
VCI = 99 VCI = 32 VCI = 96 VCI = 97

VPI = 6

76 Video 37 Video 42 Data

38 Voice

37 Video 78 Voice

ATM switch

52 Data
22 Video

Video Voice Data Video

Port 1 1 2 2

Connection Table VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI 0/37 3 0/76 0/42 5 0/52 0/37 6 0/22 0/78 4 0/88

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Comparison between STM and ATM

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End-to-End Broadband Transport Path Relationship b/w SONET transmission and STM and ATM Switching

SONET/STM network

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SONET/ATM Interconnection protocol

AAL ATM PHY SONET network

AAL ATM PHY

AAL ATM PHY UNI ATM Network UNI

AAL ATM PHY

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Broadband Signaling Transport Networks Switched voice services : by SS7 signaling network

Todays SS7 Signaling Network Architecture : 3 - major components & signaling link
SSP(Service SwitchingPoint)
All node in the network that have CCS capability

STP(Signal Transfer Point)

Node that serve as intermidiate signaling message transport switches

SCP(Service Control Point)

SSPs that provide database access to suport transaction-based services such as PCS

SS7 Signaling Architecture SS7 network is physically separated from POTS

SS7 : packet-switched POTS : circuit-switched associated mode -> North America

p-t-p signaling transport SSP pair or SSP-SCP pair

quasi-associated mode -> Europe

signaling transport SSP pair or SSP-SCP pair comm. must be through the STP

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Potential Limitations of SS7 Network Architecture

Higher-speed signaling link are needed to alleviate signaling delay performance problem.
(from 56Kbps to 1.5Mbps => 30% improve) ->complexity & costs due to additional investment

Broadband Signaling Requirement :

Increased signaling link speed & processing capability Increased service functionality Reduce operation costs for services and signaling

->demand a signaling network infrastructure that much faster, more flexible, and more scalable than SS7

Role of Technology in Broadband Signaling

The bandwidth allocation for ATM signaling can be 173cell/sec(66Kbps) or multiples of that, up to 23(1.5Mbps) => supporting services with unpredictable traffic patterns.
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Potential ATM Signaling Network Architectures

ATM Signaling : a set of protocols used for call/connection setup over ATM interface
Enterprise ATM Signaling ATM Forum :UNI3.1/4.0 Public ATM Signaling ITU-T :Q.2931

TCP/IP like
~ node node Hierarchical routing PNNI

N-ISDN base
node node quasi-associate mode associate mode hybrid of two mode

Enterprise :
1. scalability & automatically configure 2. enable dynamic alternative rerouting in link failure

PNNI(Private Network Node Interface) can be applied to both enterprise and public network

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Signaling Approach
Enterprise ATM :
PNNI is hierarchical, link-state routing protocol similar to OSPF PNNI protocol performs 2 roles
to distribute topology information b/w switch and clusters of switches used to compute routing path from source (source routing) to use signaling protocol based on Q.2931 to establish p-to-p and p-to-mp connections across the ATM network and to enable dynamic alternative rerouting in the event of link failure (crankback, rerouting)

Public ATM

Changing requirements from SS7 to Broadband Signaling Network

Broadband Signaling User Part (ISUP -> B-ISUP) Broadband Signaling Transport Part (ITU-T Rec I.311, Q.2010)

architecture based on signaling message routing principle:

quasi-associated mode (change MTP1,2 in STP -> ATM/AAL) associated mode (ATMs unique) Hybrid mode
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ATM Traffic Management Objective :

uses network resources effectively during congestion/failure periods to provide the required QoS

NTM(Network Traffic Management) Functions :

Measure of Congestion(MOCs) at ATM level : cell loss, buffer fill NTM surveillance functions to detect overload : network usage, traffic performance data indicated by MOC NTM control functions to regulate or reroute traffic flow

ATM traffic control :

a set of actions taken by network to avoid congested condition.

ATM Congestion control :

a set of action taken by the ATM network to min. intensity, spread, duration of congestion.
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Key Issue of ATM Traffic Management

Key Issue of ATM Traffic Management define QoS at the ATM layer define the traffic characteristics define traffic measurements for CAC and congestion control congestion control restoration to minimize congestion effects

Difficulties:
multi rate with diff. QoS traffic characteristics not well understood multi-connection required high speed transmissions : too many transit cells, message processing burden at intermediate nodes.

Objectives
support various QoS classes (for future) not rely on AAL protocol minimize network and end-system complexity to max net utilization

ATM Traffic Control Function

Connection admission Control

a set of actions taken by the network during the call setup process to determine whether accept or reject.(routing)

Usage/network parameter Control (Traffic Policing)

a set of actions by the network to monitor and control traffic protect resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior ex) 10Mbps VP, 42.4ms token .

Traffic shaping
reduce the level of burst traffic. trade-off network delay & effectiveness ex) burst length limiting, queue service schemes.

Feedback Control
a set of actions by the network and by users to regular the traffic submitted to ATM connection

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ATM Network Congestion Control

Congestion
state of network elements in which the network cannot meet the negotiated network performance.

two possible causes of congestion

unpredictable statistical fluctuations of traffic flow in normal condition network is under fault condition

Congestion control mechanism

Priority Control & Selective Cell Discard.(CLP) Credit-based congestion control system. Rate-based congestion control system.
Generic Flow Control Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier PT Virtual Channel Identifier CLP Identifier Header Error Check Payload (48 bytes)

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Broadband Transport Network Restoration Function of Restoration

to reroute new & existing connections around the failure area

3 protection schemes- ITU I.311

Protection switching - by using equipment.-APS Rerouting - by network management control connection -DCS network restoration Self-healing - by a network without utilizing management control function.

Note : QoS in ATM layer transport can be

affected not only by network failure condition, but also by network congestion condition.
cf) STM : only network components fail

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Broadband Transport Network Restoration(cont) Effect of emerging ATM Restoration

separation of capacity allocation and physical route assignment for VPs/VCs. ATM network faster than SONET : more OAM bandwidth possible. Nonhierarchical path multiplexing for VPs : simplify the survivable net design and reduce intranodes processing delay

Survivable network architectures

dedicated facility restoration : APS & Ring dynamic facility restoration : mesh net trade-off between flexibility and spare capacity

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Broadband Transport Network Restoration(cont) Feature Comparison

ATM : flexible & efficiency, offset by the highly complex control system

Multi layer Network Restoration

Standards Progress
Two major standard group : ITU-T & ANSI T1S1 1991s ATM Forum
800 member company,including 200 user company supplement their work with vendor-derived implementation

There exists no clear mapping between the OSI model & B-ISDN transfer model.

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ATM Network Deployment

ATM standard is progressing in ITU-T & ATM Forum.
=> more cost-driven => economically justifiable & depend on success

Japan & Europes PTTs is proceeding much more quickly and is widely
=> more policy-driven => long-term planning

VoD and advanced interactive video services

cost and uncertain market demand difficult to justify

Therefore, slower ATM network deployment

Summary and Challenges

Major challenges
How to evolve from todays SONET/STM network infrastructure to ATM network How to design an ATM network to meet the multi-grade QoS for B-ISDN
IETF : Internet point of view use RSVP for QoS provisions ATM forum : ATM layer point of view

challenging issue
competing set of standard (enterprise & public) how long coexist? how and when should be merged as an integrated ATM network infrastructure

Complexity of designing uninterrupted ATM network is much higher than that of any existing network.
High speed Multi services integration

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