The Digestive

System

Mechanical &
Chemical Breakdown
Of Food for energy
I 1) Mouth: Mechanically
breaks up food
Chemically digests
 Carbohydrates
 Basic pH
 Enzyme amylase
from salivary
glands
Wets & forms
“bolus”
Oesophagus
 Bolus
movement to
stomach by
peristalsis
 (see video)
 Mechanically
2. Stomach churns
Stores food
Chemically digests
 Acid pH
 Proteins

Enzyme Pepsin

Mucus Lining prevents

digestion of itself !
 Absorption
3. Small Intestine
of food
Digestion of
 Lipids (fats)
 Carbohydrates

Uses Lipase &

Amylase from
the pancreas
4. Large Intestine
 Absorbs
water &
vitamins
 No Digestion
 Eliminates
wastes
Barium Enema: window to the intestines:
5. Salivary Glands:  Makes the
salivary juices
 Contains
amylase
enzymes
 Basic pH
 For the
digestion of
carbohydrates
6 Liver:. Makes bile & Stores sugar as glycogen
No food passes through the liver
No digestion takes place in the liver

Gall Bladder stores bile

7.Gall Bladder: Stores bile made by
the liver
 Bile emulsifies
fats
 Makes them
water soluble
 In small
intestine
No food passes through the gall bladder
No digestion takes place in the gall bladder
Carter’s Little Liver Pills: cure=all
 Liver also
cleanses the
blood
 Carter’s pills
claimed to cure
constipation,
headaches, skin
problems???
8.Pancreas makes digestive juices:
Enzymes & Acids or bases

No Digestion in the Pancreas !

No food passes through here
9. Appendix: vestigial organ
Types of Digestion:
Intracellular: Extracellular:
 Inside a cell  In a sack or
 Food vacuoles tube
 Small particles  Larger food
 Examples:  Then absorbed

Amoeba, into a cell

Paramecium  Humans
Digestion Products:
Proteins  Amino acids subunits
 Muscle,enzymes,Hb
 Last use for food
 Carbo-hydrates
 Simple sugar (glucose)
 Quick energy food
Lipids
 1st used

 Fatty acids & glycerol

 Long term food,
insulation,protection
 2nd used for food
Digestion:
Is
 Breaking down food
 physically & chemically

For
 The purpose of distributing small
water soluble particles to the cells
for energy
Homeostasis
 Maintaining
balance
 “homo”=same
 “stasis”=state
 By constant
adjustments
 For survival
pH= Proper acid or base levels
 Basic = > 7
 Digestion of
carbohydrates
& lipids
 Acidic= < 7
 Digestion of
proteins in the
stomach pH 2 7 8 10 12
Properties of Enzymes
 Proteins
 Catalysts
 Speed reactions
 Work fast
 Denature at high
temp
Enzyme-Substrate complex
Active site =
Active Site
where the
substrate Substrate
( reaction Enzyme
molecule)
connects to
enzyme
Lock & Key Model
One enzyme

Substrate for every

substrate
unique fit

Enzyme
 Enzymes are pH specific
 Different enzymes
100

 Different body areas 90

80

 Different optimum pH 70

60
Blood
Stomach= acid pH 50

40

Uses PEPSIN 30
Mouth
Stomach
20

Mouth= basic pH 10

Uses AMYLASE pH 2 pH 4 Ph 6 pH 8
Bile: Made in Liver Stored in
Gall Bladder
 Emulsifies
fats
 Makes them
water soluble
 In small
intestine
Villi: Small intestine absorb food

Many “finger-like” villi

maximize surface area
  Contractions
8.Peristalsis: of the
Digestive
system
 Moves food
down
 Controlled by
the autonomic
nervous
system
Control of Digestion by the Nervous System