‫بسم الله الرحمن‬

‫الرحيم‬

‫ورحمته‬ ‫م عَليڪم‬
‫السل ُ‬
‫الله‬
‫‪1‬‬
 Under Kind Supervision
Dr. K.B. Mirbahar
Professor
Department of Animal Reproduction
By:
Sajid Aziz Samo
2K8-AR-156 2
Physiology

Dr. Sajid Aziz

OF
PLACENTA

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 PLACENTA
An organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy,
Joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretion
And selective exchange of soluble blood borne substances
Through apposition of uterine and trophoblast vascularized
parts

HORMONE
A chemical substance produced in the body which has a
specific regulatory effect on the activity of certain cells or a
certain organs

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PLACENTAL HORMONES

PROTEIN HORMONES
 Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin ( eCG)
 Placental Lactogen
 Protein B
STEROID HORMONES
 Estrogen
 Progesterone

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EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ( eCG)

COMPOSITION
 Glycoprotein (α & β subunits) similar to LH and FSH,
and higher carbohydrate contents
 α have 92 amino acids and 2 carbohydrates
 β have 145 amino acids and 5 carbohydrates
 Higher sialic acid.
 Cups form 45th day of pregnancy until 85th day of
pregnancy.
 have a 40,000 Daltons molecular weight
 eCG synthesize from syncytotrophoblastic cells
 eCG found in both urine and blood

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EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN ( eCG)

Endometrial cup’s of placenta which secrete equine

Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone

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CONT…………..

FUNCTIONS
Stimulate ovarian follicles ( some ovulate and some
lutinize and produce progestogen which maintain
pregnancy
 Commercially use for super ovulation
 eCG has a primarily luteining and luteotropic and little
bit FSH activity
 Detection of Pregnancy will helps by eCG
 It detects in urine after 8 days of conception by
sensitive immunoassay

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 CONT…………..

 Most important function is to prevent the normal

involution of the corpus luteum at the end of sexual cycle
 Instead, it causes the corpus luteum to secrete large
quantity of sexual hormones (progesterone and
estrogen)
 These cause the Endometrium to continue
growing and to store large amount of
nutrients
 Exerts an interstitial cell stimulating effect on the fetus
to produce testosterone in male fetus
 Testosterone secretion during gestation that causes the
fetus to grow male sex organs
 Testosterone secrete by fetal testis also causes the
tactical to descend into the scrotum
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 PLACENTAL LACTOGEN

COMPOSITION
 Protein in nature with chemical properties similar to
prolactin and growth hormone
 22,000 to 23,000 Daltons molecular weight
 In the ovine with 192 amino acids
 Isolation from placental tissue, but can not detect in
serum of pregnant animal until the last trimester of
pregnancy
 More Important As Growth Hormone Not As Prolactin
FUNCTIONS
Regulate and transport maternal nutrients to fetus and
do growth
 Play role in milk production. Large quantity present in
dairy cow’s and lower in beef cow’s 10
 PROTEIN B

COMPOSITION

 Protein in nature

FUNCTION

 Involved in preventing destruction of corpus luteum in

early pregnancy
 Secrete From Conceptus
 Maternal recognition of pregnancy

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 ESTROGEN

 Secrete from syncytial trophoblast cells

 Placental secretion of estrogen differentiate from ovarian
secretion of estrogen
FUNCTIONS
 During pregnancy causing enlargement of uterus,
mammary glands, female external genitalia and growth
of mammary ductal structure
 Relax various pelvic ligaments. (provide easier passage of
the fetus through birth canal)
 In many species, the high levels of estrogen in late
gestation induces myometrial oxytocin receptors, thereby
preparing the uterus for parturition.
 Stimulate growth of the Myometrium and antagonize
the myometrial-suppressing activity of progesterone 12
CONT…………..

 Like progestins, estrogens suppress Gonadotropin

secretion from the pituitary gland.
 Stimulate mammary gland development. Estrogens are
one in a battery of hormones necessary for both
ductal and alveolar growth in the mammary gland.

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 PROGESTERONE
FUNCTIONS
 Development of decidual cells into the uterine
Endometrium (provide nutrition)
 Decreasing the contractility of gravid uterus to prevent
abortion
 Development of the conceptus before implantation
 Progesterone helps estrogen to prepare mammary
glands for lactation
 Progesterone inhibit secretion of the pituitary
Gonadotropin LH and FSH. To prevents ovulation during
pregnancy.
 Suppression of contractility in uterine smooth muscle.
This is called the "progesterone block" on the
Myometrium.
 Support of the Endometrium to provide an environment
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conducive to fetal survival.
 Placental Hormones

Estrogens Steroids Maintenance of pregnancy

Progestin's Steroids Mimic action of progesterone

Glycoprotein: α
Chorionic
is 96 amino Activity similar to LH
Gonadotropin
acids; β is 147

Placental Protein of 191

Acts like prolactin and GH
Lactogen amino acids

Prevent destruction of corpus luteum

Protein B Proteins
in early pregnancy
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