AP Biology

The Nervous System

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Lets go to the Video!

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Overview
The Nervous System controls and
coordinates all the functions of the body. The Nervous System consists of two main sub-divisions:

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The Peripheral Nervous System is

divided into two sub-divisions:

Somatic- voluntary Autonomic- involuntary

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http://inside.salve.edu/walsh/cns_pns.jpg

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Structure and Function of the Neuron

Neuron is the scientific name for a Nerve
Cell. Neurons consist of 3 basic structures:

Cyton, or cell body. Dendrites- receive messages, impulses, and send them to the cell body. Axons- send messages away from the cell body.

Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to

another across synapses, or spaces in between the cells. The jumping across the synapse is facilitated (helped) by chemicals called Neurotransmitters.
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Parts of the Neuron

Dendrites Branched
parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons. Cyton- Contains cytoplasm and the nucleus. Impulses pass through here to the axon. Axon- Single long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body.
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A Neuron

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Myelin Sheath
signal direction

Axon coated with insulation

made of myelin cells (Fatty, protein substance)
speeds signal 330 mph vs. 11 mph

myelin coating Multiple Sclerosis

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immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating 2003-2004 loss of signal

Synapse
Junction between nerve cells

1st cell releases chemical to trigger next cell where drugs affect nervous system synapse

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Types of Neurons
Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send information: Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. Interneurons: send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system.
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Reflexes
Stimulus- a change
in the environment. Response/Reactionhow the body reacts to a stimulus. Reflex Arc- the pathway that an impulse follows to illicit a response to a stimulus.
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Parts of the Central Nervous System

Brain Spinal cord

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What Protects the CNS?

1. Skull and Vertebrae 2. 3 protective layers called meninges 3. Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues,
blood vessels, and nerves. 4. Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and weblike 5. Pia Mater (inner layer): contains nerves and blood vessels. 6. Cerebrospinal fluid

a clear watery liquid separates the middle and inner layers Acts as shock absorber exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system

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The Brain

Coordinates body activities Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and energy Divided into three major parts

the Cerebrum the Cerebellum the Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons)

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Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored Movements are controlled Impulses from the senses are
interpreted.

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Gray Matter vs. White Matter

Gray Matter Absence of myelin in

masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain Cerebral Cortex White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance inner layer of cerebrum

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Cerebrum specialization
Regions specialized for different functions Lobes

frontal
speech,

frontal

parietal

control of emotions

temporal
smell, hearing

occipital
vision

parietal
speech, taste

reading

temporal
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occipital
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Craniotomy

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Brain Tumor Surgery

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Sub-Arachnoid Cyst Removal

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Cerebral Hemhorrage

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Subdural Hematoma

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Brain Worms!

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Cerebellum
Responsible for the
coordination of muscles and is the center of balance

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Medulla
Center of heart beat,
respiration, and other involuntary actions

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Other Structures inside the Brain

Thalamus receives messages from

sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc

Control of pituitary for endocrine function

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Section 35-3

Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebellum

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The Spinal Cord Extension of the brain stem Bundles of neurons that carry impulses
from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body

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The Peripheral Nervous System Your brain and spinal Somatic cord are and connected Autonomic to the rest Systems of your The body by peripheral the nervous peripheral system has nervous two major system. divisions. The PNS is made up somatic of 12 pairs system of nerves controls from your voluntary brain It actions. called is made up cranial of the nerves, and cranial and 31 spinal pairs from nerves that your go from spinal the cord called central spinal nervous nerves. to system Spinal your nerves are skeletal made up of muscles. bundles of The sensory autonomic and motor system neurons controls bound involuntary together by actionsconnective those not tissue. For under this conscious Research reason, controla Visit the single such as Glencoe spinal your heart Science nerve rate, can Web site at have breathing, tx.science. impulses digestion, glencoe.co going and to m for more and glandular from information the functions. brain at about the the These same two nervous time. divisions, Some system. nerves along with Make a contain the central brochure only nervous outlining sensory system, recentup neurons, make medical and your some advances. contain body's only motor nervous neurons, system. but most nerves contain both types of neurons.

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Peripheral Nervous System Connects body to brain & spinal cord 12 pairs of nerves from your brain
(cranial nerves) 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves)

Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue

Two divisions
Somatic Autonomic

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Divisions of the PNS: Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary actions Made up of the cranial and spinal
nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary actions-those not

under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions Regents Biology 2003-2004

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http://www.christopherreeve.org/Research/Research.cfm?ID=178&c=21

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Animals rely on two systems for regulation:

Nervous System is a system of nerve cells called neurons. It consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves. Typical responses are fast and short lasting. Endocrine System is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormone into the blood. Hormones travel to target tissues. Typical responses are slow and long lasting.

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Progesterone

Estradiol

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Human Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands transport hormones in the blood Duct glands are exocrine glands that use tubes to carry the secretion (salivary, tears)

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Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus serve to link the nervous system other glands and metabolic functions.

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Thyroid and Parathyroid help regulate calcium metabolism

Feedback!

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Goiter: Iodine deficiency and feedback causes the thyroid to enlarge

This people have a goiter, a condition that is easily preventable with iodized salt

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Thyroid regulates metabolism

Graves disease: hyperthyroid

feedback
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Pancreas helps regulate blood glucose

feedback

Insulin from Beta cells reduce blood sugar Glucagon Regents Biologyfrom Alpha cells increase blood sugar

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THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT MECHANISM Large amount of adrenaline pumped into the body to put us in a state of increased alertness Blood is redirected away from the extremities to the large muscles of the body The heart starts working harder to move the blood to the large muscle groups as quickly as it can Increase in Respiratory Rate Release of red blood cells Release of sugar by liver Increase in metabolic rate

alektorophobia
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Gonads: Testes and Ovaries produce hormones that regulate secondary sex traits Male sex traits include those changes that occur during puberty

Androgens include testosterone

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feedback Female sex traits include the menstrual cycle and the changes seen during puberty LH and FSH from the pituitary Estrogen and progesterone from the ovary

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Identify the Glands

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