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LIST OF SUBTOPIC
INTRODUCTION
A highway is any public road or other public way on land. Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Maintaining a highway is important too, as the quality of the road and the efficiency for the user to use the road must well guarantee. The safety of user in highway must be well secure, this is because safeness on a high speed road will save lives. Therefore, maintaining a highway is very important. It ensure the condition of highway is in good condition and plays a role in saving lives too.
INTRODUCTION
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Test - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End
SOIL TEST
BITUMINOUS TEST
-PENETRATION TEST -DUCTLITY TEST -BINDER CONTANT TEST -VISCOSITY TEST -FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST -SOFTNING POINT TEST -LOSS ON HEATING TEST -WATER CONTENT TEST -SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST -SOLUBILITY TEST -FLOAT TEST
AGGREGATE TEST
-LOS ANGLE ABRASION TEST -CRUSHING TEST -IMPACT TEST -SHAPE TEST -SOUNDNESS TEST -SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST -WATER ABSORPTION TEST -STRIPPING VALUE TEST
SOIL TEST
In-situ Moisture Content - To determine the moisture content of soil as percentage of its dry mass. Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End Specific Gravity Of Soil - Specific gravity of soil measures the mass of soil per unit volume. Particle Size Distribution (By Wet Sieving & Pipette Method) - To determine the particle size distribution in soil from the coarse sand size down to clay size. Compaction Test - Proctor Test - To determine the mass of dry soil per cubic metre when the soil is compacted over a range of moisture contents, giving the maximum dry density at optimum moisture content. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test - Obtained by measuring the relationship between force and penetration when a cylindrical plunger is made to penetrate the soil at a standard rate.
AGGREGATE TEST
LOS ANGLE ABRASION TEST
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End
CRUSHING TEST IMPACT TEST SHAPE TEST SOUNDNESS TEST SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST WATER ABSORPTION TEST STRIPPING VALUE TEST
BITUMINOUS TEST
PENETRATION TEST DUCTLITY TEST
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End
To conclude, major highway is likely to encounter a large variety of geological materials with different engineering properties. Therefore, highway designers and contractors are faced with materials having different properties and insitu characteristics, requiring different methods of investigation, types of design and ways of handling.
They are also required to maximize the use of these materials. Technical methods are available for achieving this objective, particularly for applications in general fills, capping and slope stability. The input from engineering geology in the construction process is an important element in achieving the best use of materials.
Bitumen / Asphalts
Types Of Bitumen
Modified Bitumen : Modified Bituminous binder are those whose properties such as cohesive strength, adhesive property, elasticity or viscosity have been modified by the use of one or combined chemical agents. Asphalt : Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates both fine (sand and filler) and coarse (stone) and a bituminous binder. It typically contains approximately 4-7% of bitumen. Alsphalt is primarily used in road construction and its properties depend upon the type, size and amount of aggregate used in the mixture, all of which can be adjusted to provide the required properties for the desired application.
Cutback Bitumen : Cut-back bitumens are those which are prepared with the addition of a volatile to reduce the thickness of the binder. Fluxed bitumen : Fluxed bitumens are those bitumen which are prepared by the addition of relatively non volatile oils to reduce the viscosity of the binder.
There are a number of tests to assess the properties of bituminous materials. The following tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bituminous materials.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
TESTS ON BITUMEN
Penetration test Ductility test Softening point test Specific gravity test Viscosity test Flash and Fire point test Float test Water content test Loss on heating test
TESTS ON BITUMEN
Penetration Test
- It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds Softening Point
- A measurement of the temperature at which a sample of bitumen held in a ring in a water bath allows a steel ball of specified weight to fall to a point at a specified distance below it. It is used as an indication of the temperature at which bitumen has a particular viscosity or more simply, the temperature at which it softens.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering
Use of asphalt road surfaces can significantly reduce noise both inside and outside the car, helping to prevent accidents by alleviating a source of stress that contributes to driver fatigue. Standard asphalt roads have the lowest noise levels of all traditional road surfaces and the more recent development of porous and silent asphalts have reduced noise levels even further.
Easy maintenance reduces traffic disruption The properties of asphalt roads means that they can be easily opened and quickly reinstated almost immediately. This is very important for general road maintenance in order to reduce the occurance of pot holes and to extend the lifetime of the road structure, providing a properly maintained, safe, smooth road surface for vehicles.
New asphalt technology ensures rapid dispersal and drainage of surface water, reducing water spray and therefore, improving visibility for the driver in wet conditions and increase the visibility of road markings.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Are those pavements which reflect the deformation of subgrade and the subsequent layers to the surface.
Flexible, usually asphalt, is laid with no reinforcement or with a specialized fabric reinforcement that permits limited flow or repositioning of the roadbed under ground changes.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
Binder course : generally consists of aggregates having less asphalt and doesn't require quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a part of the surface course by the binder course results in more economical design.
Base course :is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of binder course and it provides additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-surface drainage
base course and the primary functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade in the pavement structure
Subgrade : is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stresses from the layers above.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT
Rigid pavements have sufficient flexural strength to transmit the wheel load stresses to a wider area below.
Compared to flexible pavement, rigid pavements are placed either directly on the prepared sub-grade or on a single layer of granular or stabilized material
.
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
Base course : This is the layer directly below the PCC layer and generally consists of aggregate or stabilized subgrade. Sub base course : This is the layer (or layers) under the base layer. A subbase is not always needed and therefore may often be omitted.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
RURAL ROAD
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
What is Aggregates?
Construction aggregate or aggregate is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic Consists of aggregates aggregates.
Consists of aggregates
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories :
1. Fine Aggregates
2. Coarse aggregates
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
1. Fine Aggregates
Natural sand : fine aggregates resulting from the natural disintegration of rocks and which has been deposited by streams of glacial agencies
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
2-5 mm
3-10 mm 5-10 mm 5-20 mm 10-20 mm 20-40 mm 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm and 11-16 mm 20-70 mm, 40-70 mm:
2. Coarse aggregates
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
Gravel aggregates
Secondary Limestone aggregates aggregates Scabbled stone- Secondary Slag Aggregates Limestone regular natural or aggregate comes Slag aggregates aggregates are a crushed, from crushing product of the are obtained by Gravel - rounded construction waste crushing of smelter crushing of pebbles usually of - concrete, bricks, river or sea origin. slag or by special sedimentary rock and asphalt. This Fractions of gravel limestone, which is treatment of firetype of aggregate aggregates are as liquid slag melt composed mainly is made with the follows: 3-10 mm, 5- of calcite (calcium (molten slag same equipment as 20 mm, 5-40 mm, aggregates). carbonate other types of 20-40 mm. 3). aggregates.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
INTRODUCTION
Defects is very annoying when comes to road but it cannot be not treated. As it will lead to damages of vehicles and even harmful to road users.
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
CRACKING
Crocodile Cracks Possible cause: Saturated base or subgrade. Inadequate pavement thickness.
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
DEFORMATION
Depression Possible cause: poorly compacted subgrade or embankment materials
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
POTHOLES
Possible causes Moisture entry to base course through a cracked pavement surface.
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
PAVEMENT
Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic.
PREVENTION OF DEFECT
PAVEMENT FUNCTIONS
Provide A reasonably smooth riding surface Provide adequate surface friction (skid resistance) Protect the subgrade
Subgrade-The subgrade is the underlying soil that supports the applied wheel loads. If the subgrade is too weak to support the wheel loads, the pavement will flex excessively which ultimately causes the pavement to fail.
Construction quality-: Failure to obtain proper compaction, improper moisture conditions during construction, quality of materials, and accurate layer thickness (after compaction) all directly affect the performance of a pavement.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering
HIGHWAY MAINTAINANCE
repair of functional pavement defects extend the functional and structural service life of the pavement maintain road safety and signage keep road reserve in acceptable condition
*Through routine maintenance practices, highway systems and all of their components can be maintained to their original, as-built condition.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering
ROAD STRUCTURE
COST OF MATERIAL
COST OF MATERIAL
BINDER COARSE Crushed Aggregate Rock Price : RM 96.41 2000 metric tons, type gravel and crush stone
Bitumen Price : RM 1606.75- RM 1879.90 105 metric tons , brand name : Petroleum Asphalt
COST OF MATERIAL
BASE ( ASPHALT AND ROAD ) Granite Aggregate 20mm construction sand, concrete sand Price : RM 64.27-RM160.67 Natural Sand Price : RM 160.67- RM 642.7 15 tons, type bounded silica sand, 0-0.5mm, 5.1mm
COST OF MATERIAL
SUB BASE Crush Rock Price : RM 96.41 30/metric type gravel and crushed stone Slag Crushed Price : RM 16432.50 RM 27384.76 1 Set : 250 set / sets per month ( stock )
COST OF MATERIAL
SUB GRADE
Portland Cement Colour : white Price : RM 410.81-RM 427.25 20Metric tons Asphalt cement white cement Price : RM 7.49 RM 7.71 1 kilogram
COST OF MATERIAL
Civil engineering works such as the construction of a highway, building structure and other structures have a strong relationship with soil. All those structures need a strong layer of soil to make sure the structure are strong and stable. To avoid failure of structures, a proper analysis is important. Soil testing is an extremely important in order contexts, including the use of soil as a source of construction materials. It can be extremely important that it varies, even profoundly within one site. As a result, soils condition must be thoroughly investigated prior to design.
This study tries to identify the basic concepts that are suitable to be implemented in highway construction projects including Malaysia. Many types of road exist around the world which can be used for public motorized vehicles. The construction of highway is to connect people from one place to another through land. Highways are available for public usage although in certain places, a toll is being charged. The construction of highway depends on the geological structure of a certain area which may be varied from one to another. For instance, different materials are used for highway construction in urban area and suburban area.
CONCLUSION