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Material sample and testing for highway construction Types of material in bitumen Types of pavement layer

Types of aggregates in road layer


Prevention of defect Factors affecting of pavement Cost of material

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

LIST OF SUBTOPIC

INTRODUCTION
A highway is any public road or other public way on land. Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Maintaining a highway is important too, as the quality of the road and the efficiency for the user to use the road must well guarantee. The safety of user in highway must be well secure, this is because safeness on a high speed road will save lives. Therefore, maintaining a highway is very important. It ensure the condition of highway is in good condition and plays a role in saving lives too.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION

HIGHWAY MATERIALS AND TESTS

Highway Materials & Tests Soil Test - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

SOIL TEST

BITUMINOUS TEST
-PENETRATION TEST -DUCTLITY TEST -BINDER CONTANT TEST -VISCOSITY TEST -FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST -SOFTNING POINT TEST -LOSS ON HEATING TEST -WATER CONTENT TEST -SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST -SOLUBILITY TEST -FLOAT TEST

AGGREGATE TEST

- SOIL CLASSIFICATION TEST - FIELD DENSITY TEST

-LOS ANGLE ABRASION TEST -CRUSHING TEST -IMPACT TEST -SHAPE TEST -SOUNDNESS TEST -SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST -WATER ABSORPTION TEST -STRIPPING VALUE TEST

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

SOIL CALSSIFICATION TEST

SOIL TEST

In-situ Moisture Content - To determine the moisture content of soil as percentage of its dry mass. Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End Specific Gravity Of Soil - Specific gravity of soil measures the mass of soil per unit volume. Particle Size Distribution (By Wet Sieving & Pipette Method) - To determine the particle size distribution in soil from the coarse sand size down to clay size. Compaction Test - Proctor Test - To determine the mass of dry soil per cubic metre when the soil is compacted over a range of moisture contents, giving the maximum dry density at optimum moisture content. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test - Obtained by measuring the relationship between force and penetration when a cylindrical plunger is made to penetrate the soil at a standard rate.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

SOIL CLASSIFICATION TEST


Wet & Dry Sieve Apparatus
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

SOIL CLASSIFICATION TEST


Compaction Test
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Test - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

SOIL CLASSIFICATION TEST


California Bearing Ratio (CBR) TEST
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

AGGREGATE TEST
LOS ANGLE ABRASION TEST
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

CRUSHING TEST IMPACT TEST SHAPE TEST SOUNDNESS TEST SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST WATER ABSORPTION TEST STRIPPING VALUE TEST

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

BITUMINOUS TEST
PENETRATION TEST DUCTLITY TEST
Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

BINDER CONTENT TEST


VISCOSITY TEST FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST

SOFTNING POINT TEST


LOSS ON HEATING TEST WATER CONTENT TEST SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST SOLUBILITY TEST FLOAT TEST

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

Highway Materials & Tests Soil Tests - Soil Classification Test - Wet & Dry sieve analysis test - Compaction Test - CBR test Aggregate Test Bituminous Test Conclusion The End

To conclude, major highway is likely to encounter a large variety of geological materials with different engineering properties. Therefore, highway designers and contractors are faced with materials having different properties and insitu characteristics, requiring different methods of investigation, types of design and ways of handling.

They are also required to maximize the use of these materials. Technical methods are available for achieving this objective, particularly for applications in general fills, capping and slope stability. The input from engineering geology in the construction process is an important element in achieving the best use of materials.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

HIGHWAY MATERIAL AND TESTS

Pavement Materials : Bitumen


Bitumen is A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. The primary use of asphalt or bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.

Bitumen / Asphalts

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF MATERIAL IN BITUMEN

Types Of Bitumen
Modified Bitumen : Modified Bituminous binder are those whose properties such as cohesive strength, adhesive property, elasticity or viscosity have been modified by the use of one or combined chemical agents. Asphalt : Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates both fine (sand and filler) and coarse (stone) and a bituminous binder. It typically contains approximately 4-7% of bitumen. Alsphalt is primarily used in road construction and its properties depend upon the type, size and amount of aggregate used in the mixture, all of which can be adjusted to provide the required properties for the desired application.

Cutback Bitumen : Cut-back bitumens are those which are prepared with the addition of a volatile to reduce the thickness of the binder. Fluxed bitumen : Fluxed bitumens are those bitumen which are prepared by the addition of relatively non volatile oils to reduce the viscosity of the binder.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF MATERIAL IN BITUMEN

There are a number of tests to assess the properties of bituminous materials. The following tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bituminous materials.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

TESTS ON BITUMEN

Penetration test Ductility test Softening point test Specific gravity test Viscosity test Flash and Fire point test Float test Water content test Loss on heating test

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF MATERIAL IN BITUMEN

TESTS ON BITUMEN
Penetration Test

- It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds Softening Point
- A measurement of the temperature at which a sample of bitumen held in a ring in a water bath allows a steel ball of specified weight to fall to a point at a specified distance below it. It is used as an indication of the temperature at which bitumen has a particular viscosity or more simply, the temperature at which it softens.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF MATERIAL IN BITUMEN

BENEFITS OF ASPHALT ROADS


Noise reduction

Use of asphalt road surfaces can significantly reduce noise both inside and outside the car, helping to prevent accidents by alleviating a source of stress that contributes to driver fatigue. Standard asphalt roads have the lowest noise levels of all traditional road surfaces and the more recent development of porous and silent asphalts have reduced noise levels even further.

Easy maintenance reduces traffic disruption The properties of asphalt roads means that they can be easily opened and quickly reinstated almost immediately. This is very important for general road maintenance in order to reduce the occurance of pot holes and to extend the lifetime of the road structure, providing a properly maintained, safe, smooth road surface for vehicles.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF MATERIAL IN BITUMEN

BENEFITS OF ASPHALT ROADS


Surface water dispersal

New asphalt technology ensures rapid dispersal and drainage of surface water, reducing water spray and therefore, improving visibility for the driver in wet conditions and increase the visibility of road markings.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF MATERIAL IN BITUMEN

TYPES OF PAVEMENT
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

RIGID PAVEMENT

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Are those pavements which reflect the deformation of subgrade and the subsequent layers to the surface.

Flexible, usually asphalt, is laid with no reinforcement or with a specialized fabric reinforcement that permits limited flow or repositioning of the roadbed under ground changes.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

TYPICAL LAYER OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT


Surface Course : Surface course is the layer directly in contact with traffic loads and generally contains superior quality materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt concrete(AC)

Binder course : generally consists of aggregates having less asphalt and doesn't require quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a part of the surface course by the binder course results in more economical design.

Base course :is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of binder course and it provides additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-surface drainage
base course and the primary functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade in the pavement structure

Sub-Base course :course is the layer of material beneath the

Subgrade : is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stresses from the layers above.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

RIGID PAVEMENT
Rigid pavements have sufficient flexural strength to transmit the wheel load stresses to a wider area below.

Compared to flexible pavement, rigid pavements are placed either directly on the prepared sub-grade or on a single layer of granular or stabilized material
.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

TYPICAL LAYER OF RIGID PAVEMENT


Surface course : This is the top layer, which consists of the PCC slab.

Base course : This is the layer directly below the PCC layer and generally consists of aggregate or stabilized subgrade. Sub base course : This is the layer (or layers) under the base layer. A subbase is not always needed and therefore may often be omitted.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

DESIGN OF THE ROAD


Airport Road City Road

Distribution of pressure under single- wheel loads

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

RURAL ROAD

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF PAVEMENT

TYPES OF AGGREGATES
What is Aggregates?
Construction aggregate or aggregate is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic Consists of aggregates aggregates.

Consists of aggregates

Aggregate also was one of materials used in sub-base road layer

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories :

1. Fine Aggregates

2. Coarse aggregates

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

1. Fine Aggregates

Natural sand : fine aggregates resulting from the natural disintegration of rocks and which has been deposited by streams of glacial agencies

Crushed stone sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing of hard stone

Crushed gravel sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing of natural gravel.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

0-2 mm, 0-5mm (granite sand)

2-5 mm
3-10 mm 5-10 mm 5-20 mm 10-20 mm 20-40 mm 5-8 mm, 8-11 mm and 11-16 mm 20-70 mm, 40-70 mm:

2. Coarse aggregates

70-120 mm, 120-150 mm, 150-300 mm (quarry stone):


CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

Gravel aggregates
Secondary Limestone aggregates aggregates Scabbled stone- Secondary Slag Aggregates Limestone regular natural or aggregate comes Slag aggregates aggregates are a crushed, from crushing product of the are obtained by Gravel - rounded construction waste crushing of smelter crushing of pebbles usually of - concrete, bricks, river or sea origin. slag or by special sedimentary rock and asphalt. This Fractions of gravel limestone, which is treatment of firetype of aggregate aggregates are as liquid slag melt composed mainly is made with the follows: 3-10 mm, 5- of calcite (calcium (molten slag same equipment as 20 mm, 5-40 mm, aggregates). carbonate other types of 20-40 mm. 3). aggregates.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

TYPES OF AGGREGATES

INTRODUCTION

Defects is very annoying when comes to road but it cannot be not treated. As it will lead to damages of vehicles and even harmful to road users.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

TYPE OF ROCKS THAT USE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION


Basalt (extrusive volcanic rock) are often used for roads and pavements. Granite aggregates crushed hard rock of granular structure. Limestone aggregates a product of the crushing of sedimentary rock. Gravel aggregates

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

DEFECTS IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS

Cracking Deformation Surface texture deficiencies Potholes

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

CRACKING

Crocodile Cracks Possible cause: Saturated base or subgrade. Inadequate pavement thickness.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

DEFORMATION
Depression Possible cause: poorly compacted subgrade or embankment materials

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

SURFACE TEXTURE DEFICIENCIES


Flushing Possible cause: Penetration of aggregate into base (low strength base)

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

POTHOLES

Possible causes Moisture entry to base course through a cracked pavement surface.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

PAVEMENT
Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

PREVENTION OF DEFECT

PAVEMENT FUNCTIONS
Provide A reasonably smooth riding surface Provide adequate surface friction (skid resistance) Protect the subgrade

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

FACTORS AFFECTING OF PAVEMENT

FACTORS AFFECTING PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE


Traffic- The performance of pavements is mostly influenced by the loading magnitude, configuration and the number of load repetitions by heavy vehicles. Moisture(Water)- Weaken the support strength of natural gravel materials, especially the subgrade. Moisture can enter the pavement structure through cracks and holes in the surface.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

FACTORS AFFECTING OF PAVEMENT

Subgrade-The subgrade is the underlying soil that supports the applied wheel loads. If the subgrade is too weak to support the wheel loads, the pavement will flex excessively which ultimately causes the pavement to fail.

Construction quality-: Failure to obtain proper compaction, improper moisture conditions during construction, quality of materials, and accurate layer thickness (after compaction) all directly affect the performance of a pavement.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

FACTORS AFFECTING OF PAVEMENT

HIGHWAY MAINTAINANCE
repair of functional pavement defects extend the functional and structural service life of the pavement maintain road safety and signage keep road reserve in acceptable condition

*Through routine maintenance practices, highway systems and all of their components can be maintained to their original, as-built condition.
CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

FACTORS AFFECTING OF PAVEMENT

ROAD STRUCTURE

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

COST OF MATERIAL

COST IN EACH LAYER


SURFACE LAYERS Cold rolled asphalt Price : RM 996.18 1 ton , type : Roadphalt , cold asphalt colour black Stone Matic Asphalt Price : RM 3.29-RM 2629.20 100 tons type : natural bitumen

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

COST OF MATERIAL

BINDER COARSE Crushed Aggregate Rock Price : RM 96.41 2000 metric tons, type gravel and crush stone

Bitumen Price : RM 1606.75- RM 1879.90 105 metric tons , brand name : Petroleum Asphalt

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

COST OF MATERIAL

BASE ( ASPHALT AND ROAD ) Granite Aggregate 20mm construction sand, concrete sand Price : RM 64.27-RM160.67 Natural Sand Price : RM 160.67- RM 642.7 15 tons, type bounded silica sand, 0-0.5mm, 5.1mm

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

COST OF MATERIAL

SUB BASE Crush Rock Price : RM 96.41 30/metric type gravel and crushed stone Slag Crushed Price : RM 16432.50 RM 27384.76 1 Set : 250 set / sets per month ( stock )

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

COST OF MATERIAL

SUB GRADE
Portland Cement Colour : white Price : RM 410.81-RM 427.25 20Metric tons Asphalt cement white cement Price : RM 7.49 RM 7.71 1 kilogram

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

COST OF MATERIAL

Civil engineering works such as the construction of a highway, building structure and other structures have a strong relationship with soil. All those structures need a strong layer of soil to make sure the structure are strong and stable. To avoid failure of structures, a proper analysis is important. Soil testing is an extremely important in order contexts, including the use of soil as a source of construction materials. It can be extremely important that it varies, even profoundly within one site. As a result, soils condition must be thoroughly investigated prior to design.

This study tries to identify the basic concepts that are suitable to be implemented in highway construction projects including Malaysia. Many types of road exist around the world which can be used for public motorized vehicles. The construction of highway is to connect people from one place to another through land. Highways are available for public usage although in certain places, a toll is being charged. The construction of highway depends on the geological structure of a certain area which may be varied from one to another. For instance, different materials are used for highway construction in urban area and suburban area.

CEGB 112 B. Eng (Hons) Civil Engineering

CONCLUSION

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