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International Ocean Transportation

Becoming a Master Unlimited.


• Maneuvering a ULCC is a job that a few people can handle
• It is the responsibility of the Captain who have reached a
precious tile “Master Unlimited.
• There are only 3000 of them world wide and there the only
ones accredited to command the ship
• ULCC is as long as four foot ball fields, & that , at cruising
speed & fully loaded, it stops in a mere six miles if its engine
is stopped. With full reverse it stops in 2 miles
• Captains practice on simulators and training at Port Revel in
France
• After few days of practice, they can squeeze 700’ behe-moth
in 750’ space left between two other ships in port without the
help of a tug.
The End of The Shipping Line
• Most ships after 20-25 years of sea get damaged so much,
they can not be economically used
• In addition as size of ship increases, shipping lines have a
surplus of capacity which can be sold
• Where do all these old ships end their lives?
• Many of them end up on beaches of Pakistan, Bangladesh or
India where they are dismantled for a sale as scrap
• Half of these ships die in Alan in Gujarat
• 600 or so scrap businesses dismantle 400 ships every year
• These are dangerous & poorly paid jobs but provided
employment to 200,000 workers
• Despite governmental protests about the impact of this
business on health, image etc, it continues.
International Ocean Transportation
Liner Ships – They make regular voyage on
established routes. Two ports or more as
scheduled
Liner ship’s size depends on draft & ocean
condition on the route, specific types of cargo

Tramp Ships : they operate whenever market


dictates
They do not operate on regular schedule
They usually carry one type of cargo
Tramp vessel is like a taxi cab whereas a liner
ship is like a public bus.
Size of Vessel : – Expressed in tons

• Dead Weight tonnage – (DWT) is the total capacity of the ship


i,.e max weight of cargo ship can carry.
• Bunker – Fuel it needs
• Stores – Supplies it needs
• Registered tonnage – (GRT) total volume capacity of the ship
measured in hundreds of cubic feet
• But this not the cargo carrying capacity
• This capacity is used to pay tax when registered or to ports when
they visit or the channels they use
• Once volume occupied by crew,engine, etc, is removed, the net
Displacement : The displacement tonnage is the total
weight of the ship when fully loaded, measured by the
weight or the volume of water it displaces

Light tonnage – is the weight of the ship measured the


same way, when the vessel is empty. Both the tonnages are
used for stability

Plimsol Lines : Ships are fully loaded” at different drafts is


the function of season in which they are operating, latitude
& density of water. The deepest a ship can sink is called
the “tropical line”, summer line, winter line, Winter-North –
Atlantic Line . Fresh water line in which ship sinks/sits
more as density is low. All of these lines are painted on the
hull & form a diagram called Plimsol mark.
The Plimsoll Mark
TF

L R F
S
T

WNA
LR – Lloyd’s Register
TF – Tropical Fresh Water
F – Fresh Water
T – Tropical Seas
S – Summer Seas
W – Winter Seas
WNA – Winter, North Atlantic Ocean
Size Categories : The ships which pass through panama

are called Panamax ship. Such ships have 75000 tons dead

weight. They barely fit locks of panama which are 1000’

long & 110 ft wide. Longest ship to cross panama canal is

Marcona Prospector 973’ Long, 106 ‘wide, The widest is

USS New Jersey which is 108’ wide.

Post – Panama Ships

Suez – Max Ships : DWT – 150,000 tons, 285 M long, 35

M wide & 23m draft. In 1996, Suez canal was widened &

deepened
Capesize Ships –large dry bulk carriers of a capacity greater

than 80,000 DWT

Very large Crude Carrier – Oil tanker of upto 300,000

DWT, 350 m long, 55 m wide, 28 m draft

Ultra Large Crude Carrier – Oil tanker of more than

300,000 DWT. One of the largest ULCC built, the “Sea

Giant” is 555,000 DWT. 415m long, 63m wide; 35m draft.

Such a ship can not go to port but discharges cargo in deep

sea by lightering
• The largest container ship is Regina Maersk – 302 m long, 43 m wide &12
m draft & DWT – 65,600 ton.

Types of Vessels
Containership – 60% of world trade is containerized. They rely on port
cranes to unload cargo. Some container ships have their cranes.
Roll on/roll off ships – 1. Ships were created to accommodate cargo that
was self propelled, such as automobiles etc.
5. They are essentially floating parking garages.
6. RORO ships have a portion of their hull that opens up and acts as a ramp
on which the vehicles are driven before being parked, on decks of the ship.
7. Opening on the side of the ship or its stern (rear). 5. Specialized equipment
not required. 6. They have adjustable decks. 7. No stevedoring labor
required. It is cheap
Break Bulk Ships
Least homogeneous category of ships
They are multipurpose ships which carry all sizes of cargo
Because of containerized ships, RORO ships, break bulk ships
requirement is decreasing
Cargo being of different , require different handling
equipment
Securing load on decks is expensive
They stay in ports longer as discharge rate is low
They have flexibility of handling any cargo
They have crane on board therefore can handle cargo without
difficulty
Almost no new break bulk ship has been built during the last
15 years
Combination ships are increasing
Combination Ships
• Can carry allsorts of cargo in a single voyage
• They have several holds which hold all types of cargo
• It has also tween deck or a deck below main deck
• Vehicles, break bulk cargo can be accommodated
• It can also carry containers
• It has cranes
• They operate in shipping lanes that have low volume of
trade
Lash Ships
• Lighter aboard ships (LASH) is quite versatile
• It carries a standardized units of cargo
• Unit is large in size 385 metric tons
• Unit can also float, they are called (LASH) barges
• They are 18 m long, 9 m wide & 3 m deep
• Each barge is covered with a hatch cover & is watertight
• Capacity of ship is 80 Lash barges
• It allows very fast loading & unloading
• They can call on ports where lifting facilities are inadequate
• Loading & unloading at anchor possible
• Cargo barges can be delivered at any place
Crude Carrier
• Dedicated for petroleum products like crude
• Refined crude carrier called product carriers
• Large ships can call on some ports only
• They stay at anchor points
• Crude is discharged at anchorage point called lighterage
• Floating island is used for discharging crude. VLCC or
ULCC are connected to floating island. by pipeline
Dry - Bulk Carriers
• Operate as oil tanker basis
• Chartered for whole voyage
• Agricultural products, ores, scrap etc
• They are generally small in size 10,000 DWT
• Refrigerated ships called “reefer ships”
• Some ships carry vegetable oils, etc
• Chemical tankers
Gas Carriers
• They carry LNG, LPG
• Long term contracts called time charter parties
• They have sailing schedule
Flying Flag

• Choice of flag has many consequences beyond training of


crew, taxes the ship owners have to pay.
• Cabot age rules require that American flags & crews be used
in US water
• Ships having no US flag can not travel within American
Ports.
• Most of the cruise ships fly flags of countries such as
Bahamas, or Secondary registries, such as that of Norway
• Such ships pay substandard wages & 12-15 hours of work.
• Passengers are oblivious about this problem
• When Hong kong rejoined the people’s Republic of China,
in July 1997, a flag issue surfaced
• They ultimately decided not to fly any flag in each other’s
ports
• During the conflict between Iran & Iraq in the Persian
Gulf, Several Kuwaiti Ship were temporarily placed under
the US Flag so they could gain protection from US Navy
• Finally all crude carriers were given US Flag when they
were in Persian Gulf.
Flag

• According to international convention, each ship carries a


flag of the country to which it belongs
• It is registered in that country
• They pay taxes to that country
• Composition of crew, training requirement, its nationality
vacation time
• Flying US flag ads at least 30% more to operating cost
• US flag carrying ship costs $13,300 per day whereas the
same ship flying developing country’s flag costs US
$1400.
• Flag regulates qualification of crew, compensation etc
Conference
• A group of shipping companies (carriers) that operate
vessels competing in the same trade lines, and that have
legally agreed to not compete on price and charge the same
amount for the same type of cargo and the same voyage.
• Tariff – The price that conference members have agreed to
charge for a specific commodity going from one specific
port to another.
• Conferences are organized on trade routes & will have
same price on that route. All these rates are called tariffs
& are published
Hague – Visby Rules
An international liability convention for ocean going carriers that
limits their liability to SDR 667 per package or SDR 2 per kg.
Whichever is higher. This liability convention is the most
commonly used in the world: however, the United States has not
ratified this convention & therefore still abides by the Hague rules.
Hamburg Rules
An international liability convention for ocean going carriers that
limits their liability to SDR 835 per package or SDR 2.5 per kg.
Whichever is higher and eliminates most of the ‘defenses’ a carrier
could use to discharge itself liability. The Hamburg rules have not
been ratified by many countries, the United States has not ratified
this convention and therefore still abides by the Hague Rules.
Non Vessels Operating Common Carriers – NVOCC make
up another type of shipping Co :
• They do not own & operate ship
• NVOCC operate by purchasing space on ship on a
given voyage & by selling this space to companies that
need to ship cargo
• NVOCC acts as a freight consolidator
International Air Transportation Cherries &
Carnations.
• In 1999, US $ 870 million worth of cut flowers entered USA. 70 %
which came from Colombia,
• Trade was done through airfreight, Aero flora of Columbia
• Aeroflora sends 15 flights every week to USA filled with only one cargo
1,e.cut flowers-roses & carnations mostly.
• Week preceding valentine's day, business becomes crazy.
• In 1999, co: sent 18 Boeings 474s with flowers 48 hours preceding
holiday
• Every year Federal Express dedicates two to three of its DC10s for that
purpose.
• 747 Boeing holds 3.6 million roses
• From Late May until late June, Cherry season starts
• More than 1.1 million cartons (8.2kg each) of cherries leave USA for
Japan
• 9000 MT of cherries travel by air freighters. US$ 1.95 per kg freight
charge.
• It is the most profitable period of the year for the airline involved in that
Air Transportation
34% world trade by value is moving by air
High value low density cargo moving fast
Air transportation is increasing as air
transportation is becoming cheap. Reasons for
increase in air cargo are
– Deregulation & liberalization of air cargo
industry
– Global interdependence helped by world trade
agreements
– International production & sales of goods &
service
– New inventory management concepts like JIT
– New air eligible commodities
– Vast development of high value & limited
time consumable commodities.
International Air Transportation
• It has grown during last two decades through the advent of
“time defined” deliveries
• Federal Express create above concept in 1981.
• It is the largest airfreight company in the world
• Lufthansa is the second.
Types of Aircrafts
• Passenger aircrafts carrying cargo
• Cargo aircrafts carry only cargo
• Planes used for cargo services that are regularly scheduled
• Planes of cargo services hired for a single trip
Passenger airplanes
• Aircraft carries some cargo in the belly
• Most of the airfreight is loose
• None of the packages in the aircraft are secured
• International belly cargo is extremely urgent
• Max size & weight of package/load that an aircraft can
carry.
• Many items are not allowed in passenger planes
• Onboard carriers above use passenger aircrafts
Combis
Combi airplanes are passenger airplanes that are designed so
that freight is carried on the main deck
• Main deck is split in the middle of the aircraft
• Some portion for cargo & other for passengers
• They travel long distances
• Combis are advantageous as size limitation of passenger
aircraft is absent
• Main deck has a greater weight capacity, larger door can
accept pallets, containerized cargo
• Cargo can be secured in plane with slings
• Restrictions on what can be shipped with passengers aboard
remains
Air freighters
• Most air freighters are liners traveling between two airports.
They operate on regular basis
• One of which is hub, the location at which the cargo will be
transferred to another flight
• They are equipped with ‘roller deck” for pushing palletized or
container's cargo through an over sized door.
• These are old planes used & are noisy. They operate at night
• Memphis airport is largest cargo airport in the world.
• Freight is priced on weight & volume & will charge higher of the
two
• On international shipments the volume weight conversion uses 60
m3 per Ton. Or 166 cubic inches per pound.
Charters
• Cargo airplanes serve chartered transportation
• Goods should be present for loading
• Goods to be shipped do not fit into airplanes regularly
scheduled, in this case shipper charters a heavy lift cargo
airplane
• Specialized cargo is handled by specialised aircrafts
• Antonov 124 carries 150 Tons
• Airbus beluga for large volume cargo 1400 m3 but max of
47 tons
• If the cargo service is not available for some location, then
DC3 is used to take cargo to the destination
Space & Equipment
Belly space – Normally used for luggage of
passengers about 60% of cargo moves in
luggage compartments
Flex belly – Interior of passenger plane can be
adjusted to include more/less space for cargo
Freighter – Used for cargo Often passenger
planes at the end of their life is converted into
freighter
Transport related stress on cargo are much
less
Less packaging is needed which saves cost
Insurance premium on air cargo tends to be
low
Planes are designed for long flights
Freighter fleet doubles by 2013

1993 2013

Large
175 Small
Large
862
Small 777
Medium 476
357
Medium
575
IATA ( International Air Transport Association )
found that the average delivery time for air
cargo was 6.5 days point to point
This time has decreased to 6 days
Wealthiest regions in the world use air tours
portal for exotic food, medicines etc.
Four major air cargo markets – North Atlantic
transpacific, Europe – Far East & US domestic
make three quarters of the total market
Three forms of air cargo carriers: Integrated
carries & FedEx & UPS. Scheduled Couriers
offering cargo services. Chartered carriers are
specialized all cargo couriers
Cargo containers used for air cargo are very
different from that used for other modes of
transport
Inter modal size containers (8X8X20) are used
for cargo only on freighters
Four Distinct Markets for Air Cargo
Mail – used in official postal service
Express transportation – It is defined by FedEx
is faster growing. Delivery is time definite
Courier – It is an extension of air express.
Delivery is either same day or next day flight.
They can track the package
Courier service is expensive because someone
has to be at the airport 24 hours to get
packages passed through customs
Freight – Mostly larger packages are moved
Moving large packages by express is expensive
However difference between express & freight
is diminishing
Air cargo company has to satisfy expectations
of both the parties
Perishables is a golden market
Perishable Imports World wide
(breakdown)
Meat and animal products –0.241
Pharmaceuticals -0.017
Dairy products -0.139
Nuts -0.115
Fish & Sea food -0.114
Miscellaneous -0.062
Vegetables -0.055
Flowers & Plants -0.040
Fruits -0.033
Chocolates & Candy -0.030
Distribution of Costs
Value added services -0.082
Local pickup -0.089
Transportation in refrigerated truck –0.144
Export service & customs -0.015
Air cargo -0.049
Import service & customs -0.091
Warehousing -0.090
Forces & constraints for Air Cargo Growth
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Characteristics of Air Cargo
• Perishable Commodities
• Subject to quick obsolescence
• Required on short notice
• Valuable relative to weight
• Expensive to handle or store
• When demand is unpredictable, infrequent, in
excess of local supply, seasonal
• When distribution problems include:
– Risk of pilferage, breakage, deterioration
– High insurance costs for long in transit periods
– Heavy or expensive packaging required for
surface transportation
– Special handling or case needed
– Warehousing or stocks in excess of what would
be needed if air freight were used
Aviation Economics
Two major factors influence the growth of air
cargo: economic conditions & rate level
Yield Management – It is the way air carrier
gets maximum amount from each unit (cargo)
carried
Volume of traffic – Higher volume lower rates
Characteristics of the traffic – Cargo density
size per piece, average weight of the shipment
Volume of the service – Needs of customer
Competition
Aviation Regulation
International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
Used to regulate price but not now
International Civil Aeronautic Organisation –
Safety standards, technical standards
First freedom, over flight – Right to fly in a
country’s air space
Second freedom service stops – Right to
stop for servicing of the plane, refueling etc
Third freedom, passenger deliver – Right to
bring revenue passenger from foreign
country
This requires bilateral agreements
• Fourth freedom, Repatriation – Right to bring
revenue passengers from a foreign country to home
country
• Fifth freedom on carriage – The right to bring
revenue passengers from one foreign country to
another
• Sixth freedom , Cabot age – The right to carry
passengers within a country
• Seventh freedom, All arrangement apply but for
cargo
PORT OF MUMBAI
Mumbai port has long has been principal Gateway to
India.
It is situated almost midway ( Latitude 18o
54’N.Longitude 72049’E) on the west coast of India.
It is a natural deep water Harbor of about 400sqKm.
Approaches to harbour are well lighted, visible
29km.
Channel has been deepened to 11 m with a mean
high water neap tide of 33m. Channel is adequate to
meet the requirements of large vessels, passenger
ships & deep drafted takers.
Navigation is allowed round the clock.
Three wet clocks:Indira, Prince’s & Victoria, total water area
of 46.30 hectares & a qua yage of 7776 meters.
Indira Dock has an Entrance Lock 228.6 m long & 30.5 m
wide.
21 berths& 5 berths along harbour wall – 9.14m draft & 7.5
m Depth of berths can be increased by 1.2 m by impounding
water by pumps.
Two berths at ballard Pier – 224 m long, 9.75 m deep.
For handling crude oil, petroleum products, there are four
jetties at Jawahar Dweep. Tanker of 12.7 m draft & 1,23,000
tonnage can be handled.
Two of the jetties can take tanker of 70,000 T. & 228.6 m
long & third one can take 213.4m & 48,000 T. tanker.
Chemical & POL products are handled at two jetties at Pir Pau
Pin pass can accommodate tankers of 170.7 m long & new
jetty can handle 197 m long & 10.5 m draft tanker.
Open bunders can also handle sailing vessels traffic.
Two dry docks 304 m long & other 160 m long.
Transit sheds at most of the berths.
STORAGE & HANDLING
There are liquid storage tanks for HSD,
FO, Veg. oil, etc.
Total covered storage area of 3,17,857,
& open area 1,41,401 & slots 12,802. Sq
m.
Cargo handling equipments like wharf
cranes over 6 tonnes, shore cranes/
gantries 35.5 ton.
Mobile cranes 14 tonnes, 20 tonnes.
Tractors 6000 lb per pull.
Portainer 35.5 Tonn.
Reach Stackers 43 T & 45 T.
Port Railway of its own 11
locomotives.
Rail container depot which can
handle two trains of 45 with
double discharge facilities.
Nicnet connectivity
Internet
ISO 9001 – 2000 certification.
State of the art Vessel Traffic Management
Systems ( VTMS) for tracking & guidance of the
ships.
MIS
GPS based marine survey system.
Computerization of port operation &
management.
Flotilla of dredgers
Hopper barges of 225 – 300 T capacity
Tugs from 320 HP to 1500 BHP
Pilot Launches & other Launches
Fire Floats
Survey Vessel
PORT CHARGES
PORT DUES
• Foreign going vessels of 3000 T & upwards –
17 US cents per G.R.T.
• Foreign going vessels of 3000T & below 12 US
cents
• Coasting Vessels 3000T & upwards Rs.1.6/
GRT
• Coasting Vessels 3000T & below Rs.1.10 GRT
PIER DUES
• Rs.1.2 per GRT for 8hrs subject to minimum
Rs.1200
• Rs.25 for every boat / barge for 8 hrs.
BERTH HIRE CHARGE
• Coasting vessel Rs.0.75 / GRT for 8 hrs.
• Foreign going US Cent 4.7 / GRT
Pilotage, Tug Assistance, Towage
•Vessels maneuvering with their engine
• Coasting (varies) Rs.3.85 / GRT / day
•Foreign going (varies) US cent 26.4 / GRT /day
•Charges for harbor tug for mooring vessel
Rs.1.1/GRT/day & US Cent 12.1/GRT/day.
•Pilotage charge
•Mooring fees
•Attendance/ cancellation / Detention for harbor Tug.
1. Hire of launches & tank barges.
2. Anchorage Fees
3. Charges on cargo containers,
containerised cargo & container
equipment.
4. Licence (Storage) Fees on containers for
the period of storage of containers.
5. Charges for port trust labour for stuffing
or destuffing of cargo.
6. Telephone charges.
7. Craneage charges.
8. Mobile crane & equipment.
9. Port trust labour requisitioned &
supplied but not fully or properly
utilized.
1. Dry docks – docking & unloading.
2. Occupation of dry docks.
3. Wharfage.
4. License fees for water conveyance.
5. Charges for operation of the catamarans,
hovercrafts, speed boats.
6. Wharfage for POL.
7. Free days – 3 days free of demurrage.
8. Demurrage on import cargo – Rs.25/day/tonne for
first 30 days.
9. Exports – Non containerised cargo.
10.Containerized cargo export / import.

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