CHAPTER 6 AC ELECTRICAL MACHINES

PROVIDED BY PN. ZURAIDAH BT ALI MECH. ENG. DEPT. PUO

AC GENERATOR
A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. An AC generator is an electrical machine which produces alternating current electricity. It must be turned by a prime mover which can be an internal combustion engine - driven, usually, by diesel oil or gasoline or can be a turbine, driven either by superheated steam or by water falling from a reservoir (hydroelectric power generation).
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AC GENERATOR COMPONENTS
1) A shaft-mounted wire wound armature (rotor). 2) A field of magnets that induce electrical energy stacked side-byside in a housing (stator). 3) Slip rings that carry the AC current to/from the armature. 4) Brushes that contact the slip rings and transfer current to/from the electrical circuit.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF AC GENERATOR

The armature is driven by a mechanical source of power (for example, in commercial electric power production it would be a steam turbine). As this wound rotor spins, its wire coil passes over the permanent magnets in the stator and an electric current is created in the wires of the armature. But because each individual loop in the coil passes first the north pole then the south pole of each magnet sequentially as it rotates on its axis, the induced current continually, and rapidly, changes direction. Individual slip rings are fitted to each of the two ends of the rotor's wire loop to provide a path for the current to leave the armature. Brushes (which are actually carbon contacts) ride against the slip rings and complete the path for the current into the circuit to which the generator is attached.
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AC MOTOR
Used as a converter of electrical energy to mechanical energy (electromechanical energy conversion).

Connecting to the system of electrical & mechanical systems.

An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current.

Components of A Motor

Two main components; 1) Stator - the stationary part of the motor. 2) Rotor - the rotating part of the motor
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1) Stator
The stator is the frame for the motor housing the stationary winding with mounting holes for installation.

A typical stator assembly consisting of the laminated stator, stator windings, and cylindrical frame. Figure shows the stator lamination and the slots in which the windings are placed.
Uses : to produce a rotating magnetic field.

Typical stator

Stator lamination
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2) Rotor
Rotor is made of a laminated cylinder with slots in its surface. Uses : to given a torque by the rotating field. Two types of rotor ; i) squirrel-cage rotor - made up of heavy copper bars connected together at each end by a metal ring made of copper or brass. ii) winding rotor - contains actual coils placed in the rotor slots.
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STRUCTURE OF AC MOTORS
1) A shaft-mounted wire wound armature (rotor). 2) A field of magnets that induce electrical energy stacked sideby-side in a housing (stator). 3) Slip rings that carry the AC current to/from the armature. 4) Brushes that contact the slip rings and transfer current to/from the electrical circuit.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF AC MOTORS

Motor action (supplying mechanical power) is in essence the reverse of generator action. Instead of spinning the armature to make electricity, current is fed by a circuit, through the brushes and slip rings and into the armature. This current flowing through the coil wound rotor (armature) turns it into an electromagnet. The permanent magnets in the stator repel this electromagnetic force causing the armature to spin. As long as electricity flows through the circuit, the motor will run.
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TYPES OF AC MOTORS
There are three main types of AC motors, (1) series motor (2) synchronous motor (3) induction motor depending on the type of rotor used.

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SERIES AC MOTOR
Special construction techniques allow AC series motors to be used as UNIVERSAL MOTORS, operating on either ac or dc power. It is a varying-speed machine. It has low speeds for large loads and high speeds for light loads. Series motors are used for driving fans, electric drills, and other small appliances.

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SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

Synchronous motors are specifically designed to maintain constant speed, with the rotor synchronous to the rotating field. They are often used to drive dc generators. Synchronous motors require modification (such as squirrel-cage windings) to be self-starting.
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INDUCTION MOTORS
Induction motors are the most commonly used of all electric motors due to their simplicity and low cost. An induction motor is an asynchronous AC motor where power is transferred to the rotor by electromagnetic induction. Examples are found in washing machines, refrigerator compressors, bench grinders, and table saws.

Induction motors may be further divided into squirrel-cage motors and wound-rotor motors.

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Squirrel Cage Motors Brief & durable. Variable-speed at different load conditions. Require little maintenance. Small. Wound-rotor Motors Changing speed. Using controllers to vary Low efficiency. Stator design = Squirrel cage induction motor. It has a winding rotor three-phase Wye connection.
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ADVANTAGES OF AC MOTORS
Simple design Low cost Reliable operation Easily found replacements Variety of mounting styles Many different environmental enclosures

DISADVANTAGES OF AC MOTORS
Expensive speed control Inability to operate at low speeds Poor positioning control

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SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
Synchronous speed is the speed of stator field rotation. It is determined by the number of poles and the frequency of the input voltage. Thus, for a given motor, synchronous speed is constant.

where

Ns - synchronous speed f - frequency p - number of poles

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SLIP
Slip is the difference between actual rotor speed and the synchronous speed in induction motors. Slip must exist for there to be torque at the rotor shaft.

Ns N r %s x 100 Ns
Where s = slip, usually between 0 and 1 nr = rotor rotation speed (rpm) ns = synchronous rotation speed (rpm) Note ;
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ROTOR FREQUENCY
The frequency of rotor currents (fr) is the same as the frequency of stator current (f). At other speeds, the rotor frequency is proportional to the slip (s): that is,

fr = sf
where ; fr - frequency of rotor currents (slip frequency ) f - frequency of stator input current (or voltage)
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Example 1 : A 4-pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs at 1440 rev/min at full load. Calculate the a) synchronous speed b) slip c) frequency of the rotor induced emfs
Solution : a)
Ns Nr 1500 1440 x 100 4% b) % s Ns 1500

c)

fr = sf = 0.04 x 50 = 2 Hz
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Example 2 : The frequency of the supply to the stator of an 8-pole induction motor is 50Hz and the rotor frequency is 3Hz. Determine the a) slip b) rotor speed Solution : a) fr = sf

b)

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