The Axial Skeleton

I highly recommend Professor Wissmans sites

For bones:
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbon estutorial.html

Check out all his links:

http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/

Also check out:

Site for xrays & other diagnostic procedures: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category .cfm?category=diag

This is an example of Prof Wissmans bone site; this doesnt show the roll-over answers

http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The Axial Skeleton

The skeleton consists of

Bones

(206) Cartilages Joints also called articulations, are the junctions between skeletal elements Ligaments connect bones

Divided into axial and appendicular

Axial skeleton - forms long axis of body

Skull

Vertebral

column Thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton appendages and what they attach to

Upper

limbs (arms) Pectoral girdle (shoulder) Lower limbs (legs) Pelvic girdle

Axial skeleton
Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage

Axial skeleton is shown in green

The Skull

Cranial bones (or cranium)

Enclose

the cranial cavity, which supports and protects the brain Attachment sites for some head and neck muscles

Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)

Form

framework of face Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste and smell Provides openings for passage of air and food Hold the teeth Anchor the muscles of the face

Cranium

Vault calvaria = skullcap

Forms

superior, lateral and posterior aspects of skull, and forehead

Anterior cranial fossa

Base or floor: inferior part

Prominent

bony ridges divide cranial base into 3 fossae (steps) anterior, middle and posterior

Middle cranial fossa

Posterior cranial fossa

(looking down on the floor of the skull)

Cranial bones
Frontal bone Parietal bones (paired) Occipital bone Temporal bones (paired) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

Cranial bones
frontal parietal _______sphenoid temporal _____ethmoid occipital occipital parietal parietal

Temporal bones
this is the right temporal bone looking at it from the right side

Small cranial bones

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Sutures

Immovable, interlocking joints of flat bones of skull Irregular, saw-toothed appearance Largest 4 skull sutures: where bones articulate with parietal bones
Coronal Sagittal

Squamous
Lambdoid

(FIND THEM)

Find: coronal, squamous and lamboid sutures

Find: sagittal and lambdoid sutures

Cranial cavity houses brain Smaller cavities

Housing

middle and inner ear Nasal cavity Orbits Sinuses

Openings (foramina, canals, fissures) for:

Spinal

cord Blood vessels Twelve cranial nerves: I-XII

Remember, the skull is composed of:

1.

Cranial bones (or cranium)

[these were just reviewed] and

2.

Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)

Form framework of face Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste and smell Provides openings for passage of air and food Hold the teeth Anchor the muscles of the face

Facial bones

Mandible Vomer Maxillae (paired) Zygomatics (paired) Nasal (paired) Lacrimal (paired) Palatines (paired) Inferior nasal conchae (paired)

Facial bones: Mandible Vomer Maxillae (paired) Zygomatics (paired) Nasal (paired) Lacrimal (paired) Palatines (paired) Inferior nasal conchae (paired)

Maxilla (there are 2 which fuse, forming the upper jaw)

Mandible (lower jaw)

(part of slide 18) nasal bone

Nasal cavity
ethmoid

Of bone and cartilage Roof is ethmoids cribriform plate Floor formed by palatine processes of the 2 maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones
These

inf nasal concha maxilla___________ vomer

nasal-floor structures form roof of the mouth, called the hard palate

Nasal cavity
To left, bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

To right, nasal cavity with nasal septum in place, showing how the ethmoid bone, septal cartilage, and vomer make up the septum

Orbit
Cone-shaped bony cavities holding the eyes, muscles that move the eyes, some fat and tearproducing glands; you dont need to know all these bones that form it, just realize how complex it is and recognize the optic canal (optic nerve passes out through it)

(right orbit shown)

Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled sacs in the bones Paranasal because they cluster around and connect to the nasal cavity

Hyoid bone

Only bone which does not articulate with any other bone Moveable base for the tongue Points of attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing

Remember that the Axial skeleton includes:

Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage

Axial skeleton is shown in green

The Vertebral Column

Fetus and infant: 33 separate bones, or vertebrae Adult: 24 vertebrae

Inferior

9 have fused forming

The sacrum (5) and The coccyx (4)

Vertebrae
Cervical 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (4 fused)

Spinal curvatures

Cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly* (lordosis) Thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly* (kyphosis) Abnormal (see lab book p120):

Too much of either Scoliosis (more than 10 degrees of lateral curvature)

*when viewed from the side

Abnormal curvatures

Non-bony parts

Intervertebral discs
anulus

fibrosis and nucleus pulposus)

Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flavum

Anterior longitudinal ligament: wide, strong and attaches to vertebrae as well as discs (prevents hyperextension) Posterior longitudinal ligament: narrow and relatively weak, attaching only to discs

Note intervertebral foramen vs vertebral foramen on next slides

Structure of a typical vertebra

Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

C1 (atlas) C2 (axis)

Cervical Vertebrae

Smallest Lightest Most flexible Triangular vertebral foramen Transverse processes have foramina (transverse foramen) Spinous process bifid (forked) except for C7

Thoracic Vertebrae T1-T12

Heart shaped body Additional small costal facets (costal=ribs) Round or oval vertebral foramen Form posterior part of rib cage

Lumbar Vertebrae L1-L5

Massive blocklike bodies Short, thick hatchet-shaped spinous processes Limited mobility

Shapes posterior wall of pelvis

The Sacrum Composite bone of 5 fused vertebrae

Sacral foramina allow passage of vessels & nerves

Coccyx
(the tailbone)

Remember that the Axial skeleton includes:

Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage

Axial skeleton is shown in green

The Thoracic Cage

Sternum

Ribs

Manubrium

True ribs 1-7

Body
Xiphoid process

False ribs 8-12

Floating ribs 11,12

Vertebral and Sternal Articulations

Typical rib

Disorders of the axial skeleton

Scoliosis (over 10% curvature)

Kyphosis Lordosis Vertebral compression fractures Spinal stenosis

Fontanels

Unossified remnants of membranes Present at birth Anterior fontanel largest Called soft spots Ossify by 1 - 2 years
Continue to ossify into adulthood; the sutures can become fused in old age

Some abnormalities (early fusion) of sutures: craniosynostosis

Metopic Synostosis and trigonocephaly
A: Preop B: 2 years after frontal orbital advancement

Sagittal synostosis and scaphocephaly

The most common suture to fuse is the middle or sagittal suture. Often the back or front of the skull will be worse but the overall shape is a long skull with a shortened distance from ear to ear.

Pre-op

CAT scan

Diagram of surgery

2 years post-op

From - http://www.ppsca.com/skull.htm