Presented by:

• Bala 06
• Vijay 17
• Meetul 59
• Komal 60
• Apurva 61
 Contents
• Meaning
• Objectives of trading blocs
• Formation of trading blocs
• Examples of trading blocs
 Meaning Of Trading Blocs
• A trading bloc is “a group of countries that join
together in some form of agreement in order to
increase trade between themselves and/or to
gain economic benefits from cooperation on some
level.”
 Objectives Of Trading Blocs
• To reduce or if possible to eliminate trade barriers
among member nations.
• To promote free transfer of labour,capital and
others factors of production.
• To maintain better political,social,and political
ties with each other.
• To promote growth of the region through mass
production and marketing of goods.
• To impose common external tariff & non-tariffs
barriers on non-members.
 Formation Of Trading Blocs

Formation of trading blocs

Positive impact Negative impact

 Positive Impacts
• Expansion of markets
• Development of the region
• Benefits to consumers
• Increase in exports & imports
• Better relations
• Free transfer of factors
 Negative Impacts
• Common external barriers
• Collective bargaining by member nations
Examples of Trading blocs

NAFTA

OPEC UNCTAD

Trading blocs

SAARC EEC

ASEAN EU
OPEC
• OPEC : Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries

• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria

• LOGO :
 When was OPEC founded?
Five oil-producing countries:
• Iran
• Iraq
• Kuwait
• Saudi Arabia
• Venezuela.
OPEC was registered with the United Nations Secretariat on 6
November 1962
World map showing OPEC Member Countries and the Secretariat
 Objectives Of OPEC
• To ensure stabilization of international oil prices
• Protecting the interest of oil producing nations
• Securing a steady income.
• An efficient, economic and regular supply of
petroleum to consuming nations.
• A fair return on capital to those investing in the
petroleum industry.
 Functions Of OPEC
• Stability and harmony
• Support of members
• Factors formulating the policy
• Maintaining the stable price
• Regulation
 NAFTA

(North American Free Trade Agreement)

 NAFTA
• NAFTA : (North American Free
Trade Agreement)

• Formation year : 1ST January 1994

• Member Countries : United States,

Canada, and Mexico
 OBJECTIVES
• To eliminate barriers to trade.

• To promote conditions of fair competition.

• To increase investment opportunities in their

territories.

• Protection and enforcement of intellectual

property rights.

• Effective implementation of agreement & and to

resolve the dispute.
 Elements Of NAFTA
• Tariffs Barriers

• Non Tariffs Barriers

• Intellectual Property Rights

• Safeguard

• Standards
 Supplement Agreements

NAFTA & LABOUR:

NAALC : North American on Labour Co-
operation
Objectives : Protection against child labour

NAFTA also established (NAO) National

Administration Office to look after labour problems
 NAFTA & The Environment

NAAEC : (North American Agreement on

Environmental Co-operation)

Objectives : To protect the environment

Achievement: NAACE established two financial

institution such as BECC and NADB for developing
the infrastructure of environment.
 EEC
European Economic
Community
• EEC : European Economic community
• Created : March 1957
• Flag :

• EEC was an International organization created to

bring about the economies integration between :
Belgium
France
Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
 Objective of EEC
• To transform the conditions of trade and
manufacture on the territory of the community.

• To contribute towards the functional construction

of political Europe and constituted a step toward
the closer unification of Europe.
 EU-India Relations
1963 India establishes diplomatic relations with EEC
1973 Commercial cooperation agreement
1983 EC sets up a Delegation in New Delhi
1988 EC-India, first Joint Commission meeting
1993 Joint Political Statement
1994 Cooperation agreement on partnership and development
1996 Enhanced EU-India partnership
2000 First Summit, in Lisbon
2004 5th Summit in Hague: launch of Strategic Partnership
2005 6th Summit in New Delhi: Joint Action Plan
2006 7th Summit in Helsinki
2007 8th summit in New Delhi
 India – EU Strategic Partnership

Joint Action Plan

It was done to
• Strengthening dialogue and consultation
mechanisms;
• Deepening political dialogue and cooperation;
• Bringing. together People and Cultures;
• Enhancing Economic Policy Dialogue and
Cooperation;
• Developing Trade and Investment
 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATIONS :
EDUCATION

• Sarva Siksha Abhiyan

-EC & GOI

- Euro 200 millon For seven years

• The Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS)
- Scheme For Tribal

• Programme for Enrichment of School level Education

(PESLE)
- Euro 11 million
- Project for Urban Poor, working children, minority communities
 Development Co-operation: Rural
and Natural Resources
• Environmental Rehabilitation
- 12 projects
- overall funding volume of Euro 240 million
- rural development, land rehabilitation, irrigation to agricultural
• Irrigation
- Sidhmukh and Nohar Irrigation Project
- contribution of Euro 45 million
- North-western part of Rajasthan,
- Building of irrigation canals, running through Punjab, Haryana and
Rajasthan
 Economic Co-operation:
EU-India Civil Aviation Project
• Providing technical assistance to Indian Air Traffic Management.

• Providing training on the development of airports infrastructure.

• Assisting in pilot training.

• Stimulating collaboration between Indian and European aerospace

manufacturers.

• Developing local knowledge and practice of modern product

support, maintenance and overhaul techniques.
INTRODUCTION TO UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental
body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly
dealing with trade, investment and development issues.

The organization's goals are to "maximize the trade, investment

andevelopment opportunities of developing countries and assist them in
their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis."
(From official website). The creation of the conference was based on
concerns of developing countries over the international market, multi-
national corporations, and great disparity between developed nations and
developing nations
 Functions of UNCTAD
• 1 Commodity diversification and development
• 2 Trade Negotiations and Commercial Diplomacy
• 3 Trade Analysis and Information System
• 4 Trade and environment
• 5 Competition and consumer policies
• 6
International investment and technology arrangements

• 7 Investment Policy Reviews:

• 8 Technology:
• 9 Empretec