Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Matrix
Morpheus:
Do you believe in fate, Neo?
Neo:
No. ... I dont like the idea that Im not in control of my life.
Minority Report
Do you have a choice? Are you bound by fate?
Fatalists
The Greek Fatalists believed that life was a tragedy and were helpless victims of circumstance. Necessity and fate controls our destinies.
Moral Responsibility
You are accountable for your actions. You can be praised for good actions and punished for bad actions. If there is no freedom, there can be no moral accountability.
See Kant and Boethius
Libertarians
Nothing is determined; we are free.
Soft Determinists
Some things are determined, but not reason.
Hard Determinism
Hard Determinists
Everything is determined.
John Hospers
There are internal forces and external forces which give us the impression that we are acting with free will. Action: I read Pride and Prejudice.
External Force - I have an exam on Pride and Prejudice. Internal Force - I saw Pride and Prejudice on TV.
Punishment as punishment is not admissible unless the offender has the free will to select his course.
If the universe is determined, all actions, ethical and otherwise, are controlled by prior causes which are in principle knowable. Nature and Nurture.
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Worked on operant conditioning. This looked at behaviour in terms of psychological responses to external stimuli. The conclusions showed that our actions are conditioned and that we do not actually have freedom.
Isaac Newton
Determinism is based in the Newtonian paradigm that the universe is governed by immutable laws of nature.
Like a watch!
If the universe is not mechanical, then the principles of cause and effect are indeterminable.
This does not necessarily imply freedom.
Libertarianism
Libertarians
Nothing is determined; we are free.
In response to Darrow
Blaming external forces for our actions is regret. We may not make ourselves but we do make our actions. Human decisions and choices cannot be proven to all be caused.
Werner Heisenberg
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
We cannot know both the location and momentum of subatomic particles at the same time.
We should appeal to probabilities rather than formulate general laws of certainty. The universe is in fact unpredictable and indeterminable.
Honderichs criticism
Heisenbergs principle applies only to subatomic particles and cannot refute Newtons mechanics.
Quantum Mechanics qualifies Newtons view and puts his theories into a broader context.
If the universe is random, that does not prove that we have free will, only that our actions cannot be determined at all.
Soft Determinism
Soft Determinists
Some things are determined, but not reason.
Steven Pinker
Emotions have a biological (and evolutionary) basis. Man might be predisposed to violence, but reason controls that predisposition. A moral sense is innate in us and as real for us as if it were decreed by the Almighty or written into the cosmos.
Immanuel Kant
Determinism applies to everything which is the object of knowledge, but not to acts of the will.
We cannot abolish freedom without ceasing to see ourselves as the originator of our actions.
Not a compromise
Compatibilitism is a position taken due to the need to have some accountability and responsibility for human behaviour. It is, as Kant puts it, a postulate of Practical Reason. We are selfaware thinking beings, we require freedom.
Predestination
The Christian idea that salvation and damnation are predetermined by God. This is not scriptural dogma, it is based on interpretation of revelation.
Augustine of Hippo
It is not by our own merit that we achieve salvation but through the grace of God which is freely given. Note Gods intervention in the ministries of Moses and St Paul. This was contradicted by Pelagius and he was branded a heretic.