Bluetooth

Characteristics
Operates in the 2.4 GHz range, using Short range
Up to 10 m

Asynchronous (data) and synchronous (voice) service available Bluetooth 1.2

Up to 721 kbit/s (with signaling 1 Mbit/s)

Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate), 2004

Up to 2.1 Mbit/s (with signaling 3 Mbit/s)

Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate), 2007

Bluetooth Radio
FHSS (2.402 GHz - 2.480 GHz; 79 channels)
Fast FHSS (1600 hops/s)

GFSK modulation, 1M Symbol/s

2 FSK modulation yields 432 kbit/s bidirectional / 721 kbit/s asymmetrical

EDR, QPSK or 8PSK modulations

Piconets
Nodes can assume the role of master or slave
One or more slaves can connect to a master, forming a piconet The master sets the hopping pattern for the piconet, and all slaves must synchronize to that pattern Maximum of 7 slaves controlled by a master (3-bit addresses used)

Other operational states

Parked: device does not participate in the piconet, but is known to the master and can be quickly reactivated Standby: device does not participate in the piconet

Piconet
Star Toplogy 1 Master, up to 7 active slaves Unlimited number of parked slaves Master: determines hopping scheme and timing Administers piconet (polling) Logical Channels Asynchronous, packet oriented Synchronous, connectionoriented (voice, slot reservation)

master active slave

parked slave standby

Operational States
Operational States A piconet Master Slave

SB
SB

Parked*
Standby* * Low power states

M
S S SB

Forming a Piconet (1)

Initially, devices know only about themselves No synchronization Everyone monitors in standby mode All devices have the capability of serving as master or slave
D O J I K C E F A B H G P

M Q

Forming a Piconet (2)

Unit establishing the piconet automatically becomes the master
It sends an inquiry to discover what other devices are out there

Addressing
Active devices are assigned a 3-bit active member address (AMA) Parked devices are assigned an 8-bit parked member address (PMA) Standby devices do not need an address

Connection Establishment

INQUIRY

PAGE

CONNECTION

Inquiry
Note that a device can be Undiscoverable D F H N G M

A O J I 10 meters E K

B L

Q C

States
standby
Typical = 2s

disconnected
connecting
Typical = 0.6s

detach

inquiry

page

Transmit AMA

Connected AMA

active
Typical = 2ms

Park PMA

Hold AMA

Sniff AMA

low power

AMA = Active Member Address PMA = Parked Member Address

Connecting to a Piconet
Device in standby listens periodically If a device wants to establish a piconet, it sends an inquiry, broadcast over all wake-up carriers It will become the master of the piconet If inquiry was successful, device enters page mode Devices in standby may respond to the inquiry with its device address It will become a slave to that master
standby

inquiry

page

Transmit AMA

Connected AMA

Park PMA

Hold AMA

Sniff AMA

Page and Connect States

After receiving a response from devices, the master can connect to each device individually An AMA is assigned Slaves synchronize to the hopping sequence established by the master In active state, master and slaves listen, transmit and receive A disconnect procedure allows devices to return to standby mode
standby

inquiry

page

Transmit AMA

Connected AMA

Park PMA

Hold AMA

Sniff AMA

Low Power States

Sniff state Slaves listen to the piconet at a reduced rate Master designates certain slots to transmit to slaves in sniff state Hold state Slave stops ACL transmission, but can exchange SCO packets Park state Slave releases its AMA Still FH synchronized and wakes up periodically to listen to beacon
standby

inquiry

page

Transmit AMA

Connected AMA

Park PMA

Hold AMA

Sniff AMA

Scatternets (1)
Piconets with overlapping coverage use different hopping sequences
Collisions may occur when multiple piconets use the same carrier frequency at the same time

Devices can participate in multiple piconets simultaneously, creating a scatternet

A device can only be the master of one piconet at a time A device may serve as master in one piconet and slave in another A device may serve as slave in multiple piconets

Scatternets (2)
D F H G M N

A O

B K L

E
J I

625 s f(k)

Multi-Slot Packets Reduced Overhead

f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5) f(k+6)

f(k)

f(k+3)

f(k+4)

f(k+5)

f(k+6)

f(k)

f(k+5)

f(k+6)

Data Rates (kbit/s)

Packet Type symmetric asymmetric

DM1 DH1 DM3 DH3

108.8 172.8 256.0 384.0

108.8 172.8 384.0 576.0

108.8 172.8 54.4 86.4 triple slot packets five slot packets single slot packets

DM5
DH5

286.7
432.6

477.8
721.0

36.3
57.6

DM1, DM3, DM5 use rate 2/3 coding

Mixed Link Example

SCO ACL ACL SCO ACL SCO SCO ACL

MASTER

SLAVE 1

SLAVE 2

SLAVE 3

Protocol stack

Source: Bluetooth Protocol Architecture v.1, white paper available at www.bluetooth.org

Baseband
Responsible for channel coding/decoding, timing and managing a Bluetooth link. Master/slave
Devices in a connection are either master or slave. Communication is only possible between a master and its slaves. A master and the slaves are named piconets. Scatternet; multiple piconets connected together.

The Link Manager

Responsible for establishing, supervising and tear down connections and logical links. Link controller states introduced to carry out these tasks. States:
Standby Inquiry / Inquiry Scan Page / Page Scan Connection

The Link Manager (cont.)

Inquiry
Used to detect all devcies in an unknown environment.

Page / Page Scan

Describes how connection is established. Have to know the address of the other devices. Is usually achieved through inquiry.

Connection
Master and slaves are synchronized. Connection is established.

Bluetooth Packet format

LSB ACCESS CODE 68/72b HEADER 54b PAYLOAD 0-2745b

MSB

General basic rate packet format

LSB ACCESS CODE 72b HEADER 54b 2FSK GUARD SYNC 5 s 11 s PAYLOAD 16-8200b PSK MSB

General enhanced data rate packet format